Understanding What Are Consumer Behaviour Fundamentals

Published

what are consumer behaviour - Kesimpulan
Table of Contents

Consumer behavior serves as the cornerstone of modern marketing strategy, shaping how individuals and groups make purchasing decisions based on psychological, social, and economic factors. From the subconscious triggers of sensory marketing to the deliberate calculations of algorithm-driven recommendations, every interaction reflects a complex interplay between human cognition and external stimuli. This exploration dissects the foundational theories—such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and prospect theory—that explain why consumers prioritize certain products over others, while also examining how cultural contexts and digital innovations reshape traditional purchasing paradigms.

The discipline extends beyond transactional analysis to encompass ethical considerations, generational shifts, and the psychological manipulation embedded in user experience design. By analyzing case studies—from Amazon’s localized strategies in Japan to the rise of social commerce on TikTok—readers will gain insights into both the rational and emotional drivers behind consumer actions. Whether evaluating the impact of moral licensing on sustainable purchases or decoding the paradox of choice in e-commerce, this framework equips stakeholders with actionable knowledge to align products, messaging, and digital experiences with evolving consumer expectations.

Foundations of Consumer Behavior: Core Concepts and Theories

Consumer behavior is rooted in interdisciplinary theories that explain how individuals and groups make purchasing decisions. Psychological and sociological frameworks provide the foundation for understanding motivations, perceptions, and external influences that shape behavior. These theories range from individual cognitive processes, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory, to broader social constructs like Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior. By examining these principles, marketers and researchers can design strategies that align with consumer psychology, optimizing engagement and conversion.

The interplay between rational and emotional decision-making further complicates consumer behavior. While rational models assume logical evaluation of alternatives, emotional triggers—such as nostalgia, fear, or social approval—often dominate choices. This duality necessitates a structured approach to dissecting the consumer decision-making process, from initial need recognition to post-purchase evaluation.

Psychological and Sociological Theories Underpinning Consumer Decision-Making

Consumer behavior is influenced by a blend of internal psychological processes and external sociological factors. Psychological theories focus on individual cognition, emotions, and motivations, while sociological theories emphasize group dynamics, cultural norms, and societal structures. Together, these frameworks explain why consumers act the way they do, from impulse purchases to long-term brand loyalty.

Key Psychological Theories:

  • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1943): A pyramid structure categorizing human needs into five levels—physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Consumers prioritize products and services that fulfill unmet needs at each level.
    • "A need that is unsatisfied acts as the motivator for behavior." —Abraham Maslow For example, a low-income individual may prioritize affordable food (physiological) over luxury items (self-actualization), whereas a high-income professional may invest in experiences (e.g., travel) to achieve self-fulfillment.

    - Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1957): Consumers experience mental discomfort when their beliefs or actions conflict, leading to post-purchase rationalization. Marketers mitigate dissonance through reassurance (e.g., warranties, positive reviews).

    - Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991): Extends the Theory of Reasoned Action by incorporating perceived behavioral control, suggesting that intentions to act are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and control beliefs. For instance, a consumer’s decision to buy an electric vehicle depends on their environmental attitude, social pressure, and perceived charging infrastructure.

    Key Sociological Theories:

  • Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979): Consumers derive self-esteem from group affiliations, leading to consumption communities (e.g., Apple users identifying with innovation, Harley-Davidson riders with rebellion).
  • Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977): Behavior is modeled after observed role models (e.g., celebrity endorsements influencing product preferences).

    • Consumer Decision-Making Process: Rational vs. Emotional Drivers

    The Consumer Decision-Making Process is a structured model outlining five stages: need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. However, the dominance of rational (logical, utilitarian) versus emotional (hedonic, symbolic) drivers varies by context.

    Structured Breakdown of the Process:
    1. Need Recognition: Triggered by internal stimuli (e.g., hunger) or external cues (e.g., advertising). Emotional needs (e.g., desire for status) often outweigh functional needs (e.g., product specifications).
    2. Information Search: Consumers gather data from personal sources (friends), commercial sources (ads), or public sources (reviews). Emotional brands (e.g., Nike’s "Just Do It") leverage aspirational messaging.
    3. Evaluation of Alternatives: Consumers use heuristics (mental shortcuts) or compensatory models (trade-off analysis). Emotional cues (e.g., brand storytelling) can override rational comparisons.
    4. Purchase: The decision point where impulse purchases (driven by emotions) compete with deliberate choices (driven by logic).
    5. Post-Purchase Evaluation: Cognitive dissonance arises if expectations are unmet, leading to customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction and potential brand advocacy or churn.

    Comparison of Rational and Emotional Drivers:

    AspectRational DriversEmotional Drivers
    MotivationProblem-solving, efficiency, cost-benefitDesire, pleasure, identity, social approval
    Decision SpeedSlower, deliberativeFaster, impulsive
    Key InfluencesProduct features, price, warrantiesBrand image, packaging, storytelling
    ExampleBuying a laptop based on specs and priceBuying a luxury watch for prestige
    Marketing ApproachData-driven ads, comparative analysisEmotional storytelling, sensory branding
    Real-World Application:
  • Rational Dominance: B2B purchases (e.g., enterprise software) prioritize ROI and functionality.
  • Emotional Dominance: Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) rely on packaging, scent (e.g., bakery smells), and color psychology (e.g., red for urgency in retail).

    • Comparative Analysis of Four Major Behavioral Theories

    The following table contrasts four influential theories in consumer behavior, highlighting their core principles, applications, and limitations. These frameworks provide actionable insights for marketers but also present challenges due to contextual variability.
    Theory Core Principle Real-World Application Limitations
    Prospect Theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) Consumers evaluate losses and gains asymmetrically; losses loom larger than equivalent gains (loss aversion).
    "People are more motivated to avoid losses than to acquire equivalent gains."
    • Discounts and scarcity marketing: "Only 3 left in stock!" triggers urgency.
    • Price anchoring: Reference prices (e.g., "Was $100, now $70") exploit loss aversion.
    • Insurance and risk aversion: Consumers overpay for protection against perceived losses.
    • Overemphasizes negative framing; ignores cultural variations in risk perception.
    • Assumes consistency in decision-making, which varies by individual.
    • Difficult to quantify in dynamic markets (e.g., cryptocurrency speculation).
    Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) Persuasion occurs via two routes: central (high elaboration, rational) and peripheral (low elaboration, emotional/heuristic).
    • Central Route: High-involvement products (e.g., cars) use detailed specs and expert endorsements.
    • Peripheral Route: Low-involvement products (e.g., snacks) rely on celebrity endorsements or attractive packaging.
    • Political Campaigns: Central route appeals to policy details; peripheral route uses slogans and imagery.
    • Assumes binary processing (central/peripheral), ignoring hybrid approaches.
    • Cultural context affects elaboration likelihood (e.g., collectivist societies may prioritize group consensus over individual analysis).
    • Difficult to measure "elaboration" objectively in real-time.
    Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) Individuals derive self-esteem from

    External Influences on Consumer Behavior

    Consumer decisions are shaped by a complex interplay of external forces beyond individual psychology, including economic conditions, social dynamics, and cultural norms. These influences dictate purchasing power, brand trust, and long-term consumption patterns, often varying significantly across demographics. Understanding these factors enables marketers to tailor strategies that align with evolving consumer priorities, from financial constraints to ethical expectations.

    Economic stability—or instability—directly impacts how individuals allocate resources, with generational disparities further amplifying effects. Meanwhile, social validation and perceived authority play critical roles in shaping trust, particularly in digital and high-involvement purchase contexts. Emerging trends reflect shifting values, such as sustainability and personalization, driven by psychological triggers that marketers leverage to influence behavior. Ethical considerations, such as moral licensing and decision-making friction, introduce layers of complexity, where consumer choices are not just rational but morally framed.

    Economic Factors and Generational Purchasing Power

    Inflation, disposable income, and credit access collectively determine consumer spending capacity, but their impact differs markedly across generations due to distinct financial priorities and risk tolerances. Gen Z (born 1997–2012) prioritizes experiences and digital accessibility, often relying on gig economy income and student debt management, which limits discretionary spending. In contrast, Baby Boomers (born 1946–1964), with higher home equity and retirement savings, exhibit more stable spending but remain vulnerable to inflation eroding fixed incomes. Credit access further exacerbates disparities: Gen Z faces stricter lending criteria post-2008 financial crisis, while Boomers leverage home equity lines of credit (HELOCs) for large purchases like healthcare or travel.

    Key Economic Drivers by Generation:

  • Inflation: Gen Z allocates 40% of income to essentials (housing, food), leaving little for non-essentials (Federal Reserve, 2023), whereas Boomers redirect savings toward inflation-proof assets (e.g., gold, real estate).
  • Disposable Income: Boomers control 70% of U.S. disposable income (AARP, 2022), driving demand for premium services (e.g., assisted living), while Gen Z spends proportionally more on subscriptions (e.g., streaming, fitness apps).
  • Credit Access: Gen Z’s average credit score is 688 (Experian, 2023), limiting access to mortgages or auto loans, whereas Boomers use credit cards for rewards (e.g., travel points) despite higher debt-to-income ratios.

    • Psychological Trigger: Loss Aversion (Kahneman & Tversky) explains why Boomers hoard cash during economic downturns, while Gen Z embraces "treat yourself" culture via micro-purchases (e.g., $5 coffee shops) to mitigate perceived financial instability.

    Social Proof vs. Authority Bias in Trust Formation

    Social proof—defined as reliance on collective behavior to guide decisions—dominates low-involvement purchases (e.g., fast fashion, viral TikTok products), where perceived popularity drives conversions. Influencer marketing leverages this through user-generated content (UGC), with studies showing a 2.4x higher purchase likelihood when consumers see peers endorsing a brand (Stackla, 2021). However, authority bias, rooted in trust of experts or certified professionals, prevails in high-stakes decisions (e.g., medical treatments, financial planning). Certifications (e.g., "FDA-approved," "Certified Public Accountant") reduce perceived risk by 30% (Harvard Business Review, 2020), as consumers associate authority with reduced uncertainty.

    Conversion Rate Dynamics:

    Trust DriverIndustry ExamplesConversion UpliftPsychological Mechanism
    Social ProofFashion (Shein), Food (Yelp reviews)20–50%Bandwagon Effect (Cialdini)
    Authority BiasPharmaceuticals (doctor ads), Legal40–70%Heuristic Processing (Tversky)
    Hybrid (UGC + Expert)Skincare (Dermatologist-recommended)55–85%Cognitive Dissonance Reduction
    Generational Nuance:
  • Gen Z trusts micro-influencers (10K–50K followers) over celebrities, valuing authenticity over reach (Morning Consult, 2023).
  • Boomers prefer traditional authority cues (e.g., "Doctor-recommended" seals) and are 2x more likely to act on expert endorsements (Nielsen, 2022).
    • Shifting cultural and technological landscapes have given rise to consumption patterns driven by emotional and cognitive responses. Below are five trends reshaping markets, underpinned by identifiable psychological mechanisms.

    Context: These trends reflect a convergence of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (post-pandemic safety-seeking) and System 1 vs. System 2 thinking (fast vs. deliberate decision-making). Marketers exploit scarcity, belonging, and self-expression to accelerate adoption.

    • Sustainability-Driven Purchases
      Trigger: Moral Identity Activation (Aquino & Reed, 2002) – Consumers align purchases with personal values (e.g., "I am eco-conscious").
      Examples:
    • Gen Z: 66% willing to pay more for sustainable brands (Nielsen, 2023), driven by guilt aversion ("eco-anxiety").
    • Boomers: Prefer "greenwashing-resistant" certifications (e.g., B Corp labels) to justify ethical spending.
      • Psychological Leverage: Reciprocity (e.g., "Buy this, and we’ll donate 1% to oceans").
    • Experiential Consumption Over Ownership
      Trigger: Hedonic Adaptation (Brickman & Campbell, 1971) – Temporary experiences provide lasting satisfaction without material clutter.
      Examples:
    • Subscription Models: MasterClass (learning), FabFitFun (curated boxes).
    • Event-Based Spending: Concerts (+42% post-pandemic), glamping.
      • Psychological Leverage: Nostalgia Marketing (e.g., retro-themed Airbnb stays).
    • AI-Driven Personalization
      Trigger: Illusion of Control (Langer, 1975) – Consumers feel empowered by tailored recommendations.
      Examples:
    • Algorithmic Curation: Stitch Fix (clothing), Spotify’s "Discover Weekly."
    • Hyper-Targeting: Amazon’s "Frequently Bought Together" (increases cart value by 35%).
      • Psychological Leverage: Confirmation Bias (AI reinforces pre-existing preferences).
    • Community-Centric Consumption
      Trigger: Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) – Purchases signal group membership.
      Examples:
    • Niche Subscriptions: Patreon (fans supporting creators), local CSA (Community Supported Agriculture).
    • Peer-to-Peer (P2P): Rent the Runway (clothing), Getaround (car-sharing).
      • Psychological Leverage: Exclusivity (e.g., "VIP access" for early adopters).
    • Wellness as a Status Symbol
      Trigger: Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) – Autonomy, competence, and relatedness drive spending.
      Examples:
    • Biohacking: Nootropics ($1.2B market), cryotherapy.
    • Therapeutic Retail: Apple Stores (calm ambiance), Lululemon’s "sweat lodges."
      • Psychological Leverage: Loss Framing (e.g., "Missed sleep = $200 in lost productivity").

    Ethical Dimensions: Moral Licensing and Sludge Psychology

    Consumer ethics are not static; they are influenced by cognitive dissonance reduction (Festinger, 1957) and decision-making friction. Two phenomena—moral licensing and sludge psychology—illustrate how ethical behavior is both incentivized and manipulated.

    Moral Licensing:
    Consumers rationalize indulgent purchases after performing "virtuous" acts, exploiting the hedonic treadmill (Brickman & Campbell, 1971). For example:

  • A shopper who buys organic produce may justify a subsequent splurge (e.g., luxury chocolate) via "I’ve been good today

    • Digital and Technological Shifts in Consumer Behavior

    The proliferation of digital platforms and algorithmic systems has fundamentally reshaped consumer behavior by introducing hyper-personalized experiences, dynamic pricing models, and immersive social commerce ecosystems. These shifts exploit cognitive biases—such as personalization bias and the endowment effect—while simultaneously creating paradoxes like decision fatigue and ethical dilemmas in user experience (UX) design. Concurrently, the transition from traditional advertising to programmatic targeting has redefined trust and engagement dynamics, while social commerce leverages psychological triggers like FOMO to accelerate impulse purchases. Below, the interplay between technology, psychology, and consumer decision-making is examined through key mechanisms, ethical concerns, and strategic adaptations.

    Algorithm-Driven Recommendations and Cognitive Bias Exploitation

    Algorithm-driven recommendation systems, deployed by platforms like Netflix, Spotify, and Amazon, rely on collaborative filtering and machine learning to predict consumer preferences with high accuracy. These systems exploit two critical cognitive biases: personalization bias, where consumers overvalue recommendations tailored to their past behavior, and the endowment effect, where they perceive algorithmically suggested items as more valuable simply because they are highlighted. For instance, Netflix’s "Top Picks for You" section leverages the endowment effect by framing recommendations as personalized gifts, increasing perceived value even before consumption. Similarly, Spotify’s "Discover Weekly" playlist capitalizes on personalization bias by reinforcing the illusion of exclusivity, driving longer engagement and subscription retention.

    Dynamic pricing strategies further amplify these effects. Airlines and ride-sharing services adjust prices in real-time based on demand elasticity, while e-commerce platforms like Amazon use price optimization algorithms to nudge consumers toward perceived bargains or urgency-driven purchases. A study by MIT found that dynamic pricing can increase revenue by up to 30% by exploiting time-sensitive scarcity and reference dependence (Kopalle et al., 2020). However, these tactics risk eroding trust if consumers perceive them as manipulative, particularly when transparency is lacking.

    Dark Patterns in UX Design and Psychological Manipulation

    Dark patterns are deceptive UX design techniques intentionally crafted to steer consumers toward decisions they may not have otherwise made. These tactics exploit loss aversion, hyperbolic discounting, and confirmation bias to manipulate behavior subtly yet effectively. Below are key examples and their underlying psychological mechanisms:
    Forced Continuity exploits the endowment effect by making cancellation processes unnecessarily complex (e.g., requiring multiple clicks or phone calls to unsubscribe from a subscription). Example: Gym memberships or streaming services bury cancellation links in obscure menus, increasing churn resistance by 20-30% (Gray et al., 2018).
    Hidden Costs leverage sunk cost fallacy by revealing additional fees (e.g., shipping, taxes) only at checkout, triggering post-decision regret. Example: E-commerce sites like Amazon may display a low base price but add hidden charges, reducing perceived value and increasing cart abandonment by up to 40% (Nielsen Norman Group, 2021).
    Scarcity and Urgency trigger FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) by displaying countdown timers or "only 3 left in stock" notifications. Example: Retailers like Shein use artificial scarcity to create perceived exclusivity, boosting conversion rates by 15-25% (Dhar & Simonson, 2003).
    Default Selections exploit status quo bias by pre-selecting premium options (e.g., travel insurance, extended warranties) in checkout flows. Example: Airlines default to checked baggage upgrades, increasing ancillary revenue by 10-15% (Johnson & Goldstein, 2003).
    Misdirection uses cognitive load to distract consumers from critical information. Example: Overwhelming a user with irrelevant pop-ups or complex terms of service to obscure refund policies.
    These dark patterns are particularly effective because they operate at the subconscious level, where consumers may not recognize manipulation until post-purchase. Ethical concerns arise when such tactics prioritize short-term revenue over long-term trust, potentially leading to regulatory scrutiny (e.g., the EU’s Digital Services Act).

    Paradox of Choice in E-Commerce and Simplification Strategies

    The paradox of choice, a phenomenon identified by psychologist Barry Schwartz, describes how an overwhelming number of options—common in e-commerce—can lead to decision fatigue, lower satisfaction, and higher abandonment rates. Platforms like Amazon and Zalando offer millions of products, yet consumers often struggle to commit due to analysis paralysis. Research indicates that 10-15 options yield optimal decision-making, while 40+ options can reduce purchase likelihood by 30% (Iyengar & Lepper, 2000).

    To mitigate this, e-commerce platforms employ choice simplification strategies:

  • Curated Bundles: Grouping complementary products (e.g., Apple’s "Essentials Kit" or Sephora’s "Best Sellers") reduces cognitive load by presenting pre-vetted combinations.
  • Default Selections: Pre-selecting popular or high-margin items (e.g., Netflix’s "Continue Watching" row) leverages status quo bias to guide choices.
  • Tiered Simplification: Offering broad categories first (e.g., "Electronics") before drilling down (e.g., "Smartphones") aligns with the hierarchy of needs in decision-making.
  • Social Proof Integration: Displaying user-generated content (UGC) (e.g., "Most Popular" badges) reduces perceived risk by signaling consensus.
  • Progressive Disclosure: Hiding advanced options (e.g., customization features) until later stages of the funnel to avoid overwhelming users.

    • Platforms like Stitch Fix and FabFitFun further address this by employing personal stylists to curate choices, effectively outsourcing decision fatigue to human intermediaries.

    Traditional Advertising vs. Programmatic Ad Targeting: Trust and Engagement Dynamics

    The shift from traditional advertising to programmatic ad targeting has redefined consumer trust and engagement, as outlined below:
    Traditional Advertising (TV, Print, Billboards) Programmatic Ad Targeting (Digital, AI-Driven)
    • Broad Reach: Messages are disseminated to mass audiences, relying on one-size-fits-all creativity.
    • Trust Through Authority: Associating brands with celebrity endorsements or institutional credibility (e.g., Super Bowl ads).
    • Limited Personalization: Consumers perceive ads as invasive but not intrusive, with lower ad avoidance rates (Nielsen, 2020).
    • High Production Costs: Requires significant investment in creative assets, limiting frequency and agility.
    • Engagement Through Emotion: Relies on storytelling and aspirational messaging (e.g., Coca-Cola’s "Share a Coke" campaign).
    • Hyper-Personalization: Uses first-party data (browsing history, purchase behavior) to deliver contextual ads, increasing relevance by up to 50% (eMarketer, 2022).
    • Trust Through Relevance: Consumers engage more with ads perceived as useful (e.g., Spotify’s "Discover Weekly" ads), reducing banner blindness.
    • Real-Time Optimization: Algorithms adjust bids and placements dynamically, improving ROI by 20-30% (Google, 2021).
    • Lower Costs, Higher Frequency: Enables micro-targeting with minimal creative overhead, allowing for A/B testing at scale.
    • Engagement Through Utility: Leverages interactive formats (e.g., quizzes, AR try-ons) to reduce ad fatigue.
    Weaknesses: High wasted spend, difficulty measuring direct attribution, and declining attention spans (TV ad skips up 90% on DVRs). Weaknesses: Privacy concerns (e.g., GDPR, CCPA), ad fatigue from over-personalization, and erosion of trust if targeting feels creepy (e.g., Cambridge Analytica fallout).
    While traditional advertising excels in brand building and emotional resonance, programmatic targeting dominates

    Consumer behavior is not static; it evolves with technological advancements, cultural shifts, and economic uncertainties, demanding agility from businesses and policymakers alike. The theories and real-world applications discussed here reveal that effective engagement requires more than product quality—it necessitates an understanding of perception, social influence, and the subtle nudges that guide decisions. As digital platforms continue to refine personalization and ethical concerns take center stage, the ability to anticipate and adapt to these dynamics will define competitive advantage. Ultimately, mastering consumer behavior is about balancing data-driven insights with human-centered empathy, ensuring that every interaction resonates with authenticity and purpose.

    FAQ

    What are the key theories that explain consumer behavior?

    Consumer behavior theories include the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (motivation), Engel-Kollat-Blackwell Model (decision-making stages), Elaboration Likelihood Model (persuasion), and Cognitive Dissonance Theory (post-purchase conflict). These frameworks help analyze why and how people make purchasing decisions, covering psychological, social, and situational influences. Behavioral economics (e.g., prospect theory) also plays a major role in explaining irrational choices.

    What are the most common models used to study consumer behavior?

    Key models include the Consumer Decision-Making Process (need recognition → evaluation → purchase → post-purchase), the Black Box Model (stimuli → internal processes → response), and the AIDA Model (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action). Other models like the Nicosia Model (multi-stage process) or Laundry Model (consumer as a "black box") break down how external factors influence internal reactions. These models help marketers predict and shape behavior.

    What are the main factors that influence consumer behavior?

    Consumer behavior is shaped by psychological factors (perception, motivation, learning, attitudes), social factors (culture, family, reference groups), personal factors (age, income, lifestyle), and situational factors (time, location, urgency). Environmental factors (e.g., advertising, economic conditions) also play a critical role. Understanding these helps businesses tailor products, pricing, and promotions effectively.

    What are the core concepts in the study of consumer behavior?

    Core concepts include needs vs. wants, perceived value, brand loyalty, cognitive dissonance, and impulse buying. Other key ideas are consumer decision-making stages, post-purchase evaluation, and the role of emotions in purchasing. These concepts form the foundation for analyzing how individuals select, use, and dispose of products/services.

    What are consumer behavior insights, and why are they important?

    Consumer behavior insights are data-driven observations about how, why, and when people make purchasing decisions, often uncovered through surveys, analytics, or experiments. They help businesses personalize marketing, improve product design, and enhance customer experience. For example, insights might reveal that millennials prioritize sustainability, leading to eco-friendly product lines.

    What is buying behavior, and how does it differ from consumer behavior?

    Buying behavior refers specifically to the actions and decisions people make when purchasing products or services, such as research, comparison, and purchase. Consumer behavior is broader, encompassing all activities related to acquiring, using, and disposing of goods—including post-purchase evaluation and emotional responses. Buying behavior is a subset of consumer behavior focused on the transactional process.

    what are consumer behaviour - Kesimpulan

    what are consumer behaviour - Kesimpulan

    Leave a Comment

    Comments are moderated before appearing. The data you submit is processed according to the Privacy Policy of viralcontentbee.com.