Compare Mortgages Plain And Simple Key Insights For Smart Choices

Understanding Mortgage Basics for Beginners

Core Components of a Mortgage

Principal
The principal represents the initial amount borrowed to purchase the property, excluding interest and fees. For example, if a home costs $300,000 with a 10% down payment ($30,000), the principal loan amount is $270,000. The principal decreases over time as payments are made, reducing the outstanding balance.

Interest
Interest is the cost of borrowing the principal, calculated as a percentage (the interest rate) applied annually. This fee compensates the lender for the risk of extending credit. Interest rates can be fixed (unchanged over the loan term) or adjustable (fluctuating based on market conditions). A 5% interest rate on a $270,000 loan would initially accrue $1,125 in monthly interest before principal repayment begins.

Loan Term
The loan term is the duration over which the mortgage is repaid, typically ranging from 10 to 30 years. Shorter terms (e.g., 15 years) result in higher monthly payments but lower total interest, while longer terms (e.g., 30 years) reduce monthly burdens but increase long-term interest costs. For instance, a $270,000 loan at 5% would cost $233,658 in total interest over 30 years compared to $98,550 over 15 years.

Down Payment
The down payment is the upfront cash payment toward the home’s purchase price, expressed as a percentage (e.g., 3%, 5%, 20%). A larger down payment reduces the loan amount, lowers monthly payments, and may avoid private mortgage insurance (PMI). Conventional loans often require 3%–20%, while government-backed loans (e.g., FHA) may accept as low as 3.5%.

Fixed-Rate vs. Adjustable-Rate Mortgages (ARMs): Structured Comparison

Amortization Schedules: Monthly Payments Across Loan Terms

Below are illustrative examples for a $270,000 loan at 5% interest across 15-, 20-, and 30-year terms, assuming no extra payments or fees. Payments are calculated using standard amortization formulas, where early payments prioritize interest, and later payments shift toward principal.

Formula for Monthly Payment (Fixed-Rate):
> M = P [ i(1 + i)^n ] / [ (1 + i)^n – 1 ]
> Where:
> - M = Monthly payment
> - P = Loan principal ($270,000)
> - i = Monthly interest rate (annual rate ÷ 12, e.g., 5% ÷ 12 = 0.004167)
> - n = Total number of payments (e.g., 360 for 30 years)

Risks and Benefits: Fixed-Rate vs. ARM

Fixed-Rate Mortgages:
*Benef

Key Factors to Compare When Evaluating Mortgages

Selecting the right mortgage involves evaluating multiple financial and structural elements beyond just the interest rate. Borrowers must assess upfront costs, long-term obligations, flexibility, and lender reliability to ensure the loan aligns with their financial goals. Misjudging these factors can lead to higher total costs, unexpected penalties, or unfavorable terms that impact homeownership sustainability. Below are the critical considerations borrowers should prioritize, along with practical methods to compare options effectively.

Top 5 Factors to Prioritize When Comparing Mortgages

When comparing mortgage options, the following five factors directly influence affordability, flexibility, and long-term financial health. Each requires careful analysis to avoid costly oversights.

• Interest Rate and Type
  The interest rate determines the core cost of borrowing, but its structure (fixed vs. adjustable) dictates risk exposure. Fixed-rate mortgages offer stable payments but may start at higher rates, while adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) begin lower but adjust periodically based on market conditions. Borrowers should compare rates across lenders and consider how rate fluctuations could impact monthly payments over the loan term.

  Example: A 30-year fixed-rate mortgage at 6.5% guarantees consistent payments, whereas a 5/1 ARM might start at 5.5% but reset to 7.5% after five years, increasing payments by ~$200/month.

• Upfront Fees and Closing Costs
  These costs—ranging from 2% to 5% of the loan amount—include origination fees, appraisal fees, title insurance, and escrow deposits. Higher upfront fees reduce the loan amount but may lower the interest rate (e.g., "no-closing-cost" mortgages). Borrowers should calculate whether paying these fees upfront or rolling them into the loan saves money over time.
• Prepayment Penalties and Loan Terms
  Some loans impose penalties (typically 1–3% of the remaining balance) for early repayment, which can discourage refinancing or selling the home. Shorter loan terms (e.g., 15-year vs. 30-year) reduce interest costs but require higher monthly payments. Borrowers should verify whether the loan includes prepayment restrictions and align the term with their financial timeline.
• Loan Fees and Discount Points
  Discount points (each costing 1% of the loan) lower the interest rate but provide long-term savings only if the borrower plans to stay in the home for several years. Other fees, such as mortgage insurance (for loans with <20% down payment), add to monthly costs. Borrowers should weigh whether paying points upfront or accepting higher fees offers better value.
• Lender Reputation and Customer Service
  A lender’s track record—including complaint history (via the CFPB), responsiveness, and transparency—affects the borrowing experience. Reputable lenders provide clear disclosures, flexible terms, and support during challenges (e.g., payment plans for financial hardship). Borrowers should research lenders using resources like the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) or Better Business Bureau (BBB).

Step-by-Step Calculation of Total Cost of Ownership for Two Mortgages

Comparing mortgages with identical interest rates but differing upfront costs requires calculating the total cost of ownership (TCO), which includes principal, interest, fees, and potential penalties. Below is a structured approach using two hypothetical loans:

Assumptions:

Loan Amount: $300,000

Interest Rate: 6.5% (fixed)

Term: 30 years

Mortgage A: $5,000 in closing costs (paid upfront)

Mortgage B: $0 closing costs but 0.5% higher interest rate (7.0%)

Steps:

1. Calculate Monthly Payments
Use the mortgage payment formula:

\( M = P \times \frac{r(1 + r)^n}{(1 + r)^n - 1} \)
Where:
\( M \) = Monthly payment
\( P \) = Loan amount ($300,000)
\( r \) = Monthly interest rate (annual rate ÷ 12)
\( n \) = Total number of payments (30 years × 12)

Mortgage A (6.5%): ~$1,898/month

Mortgage B (7.0%): ~$2,025/month

2. Compute Total Interest Paid Over 30 Years
Multiply the monthly payment by 360 and subtract the principal.

Mortgage A: $683,280 (total payments) – $300,000 = $383,280 in interest.

Mortgage B: $729,000 – $300,000 = $429,000 in interest.

3. Factor in Upfront Costs

Mortgage A: $5,000 paid at closing.

Mortgage B: $0 upfront, but higher interest increases total cost.

4. Determine Break-Even Point
Calculate when the higher interest cost of Mortgage B offsets the $5,000 upfront savings.

Additional monthly cost (Mortgage B – Mortgage A) = $2,025 – $1,898 = $127.
Break-even years = $5,000 ÷ ($127 × 12) ≈ 3.3 years.

If the borrower plans to stay beyond 3.3 years, Mortgage A is cheaper; otherwise, Mortgage B may be preferable.

5. Adjust for Tax Deductibility
In some cases, closing costs or points may be tax-deductible (consult a tax advisor). Deductibility could reduce the effective upfront cost of Mortgage A.

Result:
Mortgage A saves $45,720 in interest over 30 years but requires an upfront $5,000 investment. Mortgage B is cost-effective only for borrowers moving within ~3 years.

Comparison of Government-Backed vs. Conventional Loans

Government-backed loans (FHA, VA, USDA) and conventional loans differ in eligibility, down payment requirements, and credit thresholds. Below is a detailed breakdown:

Feature	FHA Loan	VA Loan	USDA Loan	Conventional Loan
Eligibility	U.S. citizens or permanent residents with valid Social Security numbers.	Veterans, active-duty service members, National Guard/Reserve members, and eligible surviving spouses.	Low- to moderate-income borrowers purchasing homes in rural or suburban areas (income limits apply).	Open to all borrowers; no government affiliation required.
Down Payment	3.5% minimum (with a credit score ≥580); 10% for scores 500–579.	0% down payment (no private mortgage insurance required).	0% down payment (guaranteed by USDA).	3%–20% down (private mortgage insurance required for <20% down).
Credit Score Requirements	Minimum 500 (higher scores improve rates); lenders often require ≥580 for best terms.	No minimum set by VA, but lenders typically require ≥580–620.	Minimum 640 (some lenders require 680+).	Typically ≥620 (higher scores secure better rates).
Mortgage Insurance	Upfront (1.75% of loan) + annual (0.45%–1.0 Tools and Methods for Side-by-Side Mortgage Comparisons Comparing mortgages effectively requires a combination of automated tools, manual calculations, and structured organization of lender offers. Free online calculators simplify initial comparisons by estimating monthly payments, total interest costs, and refinancing break-even points. Meanwhile, specialized mortgage comparison platforms aggregate offers from multiple lenders, providing transparency on fees, rates, and loan terms. For borrowers seeking precision, manual calculations—such as determining the Annual Percentage Rate (APR)—reveal hidden costs beyond the advertised interest rate. Below are practical methods and tools to streamline comparisons, along with a template to systematically evaluate and track mortgage offers. Using Free Online Mortgage Calculators for Preliminary Comparisons Free mortgage calculators serve as the foundation for evaluating loan options by converting raw data (e.g., loan amount, interest rate, term) into actionable metrics. These tools typically calculate: Monthly principal and interest payments (excluding taxes and insurance). Total interest paid over the loan term. Amortization schedules showing how payments reduce debt over time. Refinancing break-even analysis, which estimates how long it takes for refinancing savings to offset closing costs. To maximize accuracy: 1. Input consistent variables across all comparisons (e.g., same loan term, property taxes, insurance estimates). 2. Adjust for extra payments (e.g., biweekly contributions) to compare accelerated payoff scenarios. 3. Review assumptions (e.g., tax rates, insurance costs) to align with local market conditions. 4. Export results for side-by-side analysis in spreadsheets or comparison templates. Example calculators include: Bankrate’s Mortgage Calculator (includes PMI and escrow estimates). NerdWallet’s Mortgage Payoff Calculator (visualizes early payoff impact). Zillow’s Refinance Calculator (focuses on cost-saving comparisons). Comparison of Popular Mortgage Comparison Tools Below is an organized evaluation of three widely used platforms, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and unique features. Borrowers should prioritize tools that align with their needs—whether speed, fee transparency, or lender diversity. Feature Bankrate NerdWallet LendingTree Strengths Extensive rate tables for national and local lenders. Detailed breakdown of loan types (fixed, ARM, jumbo). Free access to prequalification tools. User-friendly interface with clear fee comparisons. Personalized recommendations based on credit score. Educational resources (e.g., mortgage glossary, FAQs). Aggregates offers from 100+ lenders in one application. Soft credit pull for prequalification. Specialized tools for first-time homebuyers and refinancers. Weaknesses No direct loan application or underwriting. Limited customization for unique loan structures (e.g., seller financing). Fewer lender partnerships compared to LendingTree. Ads may influence recommendations. Potential for overwhelming volume of offers. Hard inquiries may affect credit scores if not managed. Unique Features “Mortgage Rate Trend” tool tracks historical rate movements. Integration with Bankrate’s insurance and investment calculators. “Best Mortgage Lenders” rankings by category (e.g., low rates, customer service). Side-by-side APR comparisons with fee adjustments. “Mortgage Rate Lock” feature for competitive offers. Partnerships with credit unions and online lenders. Best For Borrowers seeking broad rate benchmarks and educational content. First-time buyers or those prioritizing fee transparency and guidance. Refinancers or buyers wanting to shop multiple lenders efficiently. Note: Always verify lender credentials and read terms of service, as some platforms may prioritize paid partnerships over unbiased comparisons. Manual Calculation of Annual Percentage Rate (APR) for Accurate Comparisons The Annual Percentage Rate (APR) reflects the true cost of a mortgage by incorporating interest rates, fees, and loan terms into a standardized percentage. Unlike the nominal interest rate, APR accounts for: Origination fees (e.g., loan origination, underwriting). Discount points (prepaid interest to lower the rate). Prepaid interest (e.g., days between closing and first payment). Other closing costs (e.g., appraisal, title insurance). Formula for APR Calculation: APR = (Total Interest Paid + Total Fees) / (Loan Amount × Loan Term in Years) × 100 Example Comparison: Assume two mortgages with the same $300,000 loan amount and 30-year term: Mortgage A Mortgage B Interest Rate: 4.5% Interest Rate: 4.25% Origination Fee: $3,000 Origination Fee: $6,000 Discount Points: 0 Discount Points: 1 (1% of loan) Step-by-Step Calculation for Mortgage A: 1. Total Interest Paid: Using the formula for fixed-rate mortgages: Monthly Payment = P [i(1 + i)^n] / [(1 + i)^n – 1] Where: P = $300,000, i = 4.5%/12 = 0.00375, n = 360 Monthly Payment ≈ $1,518.77 Total Interest = (Monthly Payment × 360) – Loan Amount = $546,757 – $300,000 = $246,757 2. Total Fees: $3,000 (origination). 3. APR Calculation: APR = ($246,757 + $3,000) / ($300,000 × 30) × 100 ≈ 4.62% Step-by-Step Calculation for Mortgage B: 1. Adjusted Loan Amount: Discount points reduce the loan amount by $3,000 ($300,000 × 1%). Effective Loan Amount = $297,000. 2. Total Interest Paid: Recalculate monthly payment with new loan amount and lower rate (4.25%): Monthly Payment ≈ $1,453.24 Total Interest = ($1,453.24 × 360) – $297,000 = $223,166.40 3. Total Fees: $6,000 (origination) + $3,000 (points) = $9,000. 4. APR Calculation: APR = ($223,166.40 + $9,000) / ($297,000 × 30) × 1 Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them Comparing mortgages requires careful attention to detail, as seemingly minor oversights can lead to significant financial consequences over the life of the loan. Many borrowers fall into traps by prioritizing low interest rates or short-term savings without evaluating the full scope of costs, terms, and long-term flexibility. These mistakes often stem from misinformation, misplaced incentives from lenders, or an incomplete understanding of how mortgage structures impact total ownership expenses. Below are the most frequent errors borrowers make and actionable strategies to mitigate them. Overemphasis on Interest Rates Without Considering Loan Terms A common misconception is that the interest rate alone determines the affordability of a mortgage. While a lower rate reduces monthly payments, it does not account for other critical factors such as loan duration, prepayment penalties, or adjustable-rate risks. For example, a 30-year fixed mortgage with a 3.5% rate may appear cheaper than a 15-year mortgage with a 3.0% rate, but the latter could save tens of thousands in interest over time—assuming the borrower can afford higher monthly payments. Key considerations when evaluating rates: Loan term length: Shorter terms (e.g., 15 or 20 years) often have lower rates but higher monthly payments. Borrowers must assess whether they can commit to the payment schedule. Adjustable-rate risks: A mortgage with a low initial "teaser" rate (e.g., 2/1 ARM) may reset to a higher rate after 2 years, leading to unpredictable increases. Amortization impact: Even a 0.25% difference in rate can translate to thousands in interest over 30 years. Use an amortization calculator to compare cumulative costs. Example Calculation: A $300,000 mortgage at 3.5% for 30 years costs $1,347/month and $485,000 in total interest. The same loan at 3.75% for 30 years costs $1,405/month and $530,000 in total interest—a $45,000 difference over the loan term. Ignoring Lender Incentives That Distort True Costs Lenders often offer incentives such as cash rebates, rate buydowns, or credit for closing costs to attract borrowers. While these perks can reduce upfront expenses, they frequently come with trade-offs that inflate the total cost of borrowing. For instance: Cash rebates may require a higher interest rate or longer loan term, offsetting the initial savings. Rate buydowns (e.g., 2-1 buydowns) lower the first two years’ rates but reset to a higher rate afterward, potentially exceeding the original rate. Yield spread premiums (YSP) compensate lenders for charging above-market rates, benefiting the lender more than the borrower. How to evaluate incentives accurately: Calculate the effective rate: Use the Annual Percentage Rate (APR) to compare offers, as it includes fees and incentives. A lower APR indicates a better deal even if the stated rate is higher. Project long-term costs: A rebate that saves $2,000 upfront may cost $5,000 in extra interest over 5 years. Avoid "too good to be true" offers: Lenders may bundle high fees with low rates to mask the true cost. Request a Loan Estimate (LE) and compare the total interest paid over the loan term. Formula for Effective Rate Adjustment: If a lender offers a $3,000 rebate but increases the rate by 0.375%, the break-even point may be 7+ years before the savings are outweighed by higher interest. Prepayment Penalties and Their Long-Term Financial Impact Prepayment penalties discourage borrowers from paying off their mortgages early, which can be advantageous if selling the home or refinancing becomes necessary. These penalties are most common in: Adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) Subprime or "no-doc" loans Certain government-backed loans (e.g., some FHA or VA loans with specific terms) Scenario Comparison: Prepayment Penalty vs. No Penalty Scenario Mortgage Type Prepayment Penalty Impact if Sold in 5 Years Impact if Held for 10+ Years Low-interest ARM 5/1 ARM at 3.25% 2% of remaining balance $6,000 penalty (on $300K loan) Minimal impact; refinance likely Fixed-rate loan 30-year at 3.5% None No penalty; equity retained Faster principal payoff saves $100K+ in interest Refinance risk 30-year at 4.0% 3% of remaining balance $9,000 penalty if refinancing early Penalty irrelevant if loan is held long-term Key takeaways: Short-term ownership (3–7 years): Prepayment penalties can erode equity gains. Avoid loans with penalties if mobility is a priority. Long-term ownership (10+ years): Penalties become irrelevant if the loan is held to maturity or refinanced strategically. Refinancing flexibility: Loans without prepayment penalties allow borrowers to capitalize on lower rates without financial penalties. Red Flags in Mortgage Offers and Verification Steps Not all mortgage offers are transparent or fair. Borrowers should scrutinize the following warning signs and verify their legitimacy through independent sources. Common red flags in mortgage offers: Excessive origination or closing fees: Fees over 2–5% of the loan amount may indicate predatory lending. Compare with industry averages (e.g., $1,000–$2,500 for a $300,000 loan). Unclear or missing terms: Vague language about prepayment penalties, adjustable-rate caps, or balloon payments can lead to hidden costs. Pressure to act quickly: Lenders exploiting urgency (e.g., "This rate expires tomorrow!") may discourage thorough review. High APR despite low rate: If the APR is 1%+ higher than comparable offers, fees are likely inflated. Balloon payments: Loans requiring a lump-sum payment (e.g., after 5 or 7 years) are risky unless the borrower can confirm refinancing or sale plans. Verification checklist: 1. Request a Loan Estimate (LE): Compare fees and terms across lenders using the LE form (required by the TRID rule). 2. Consult a Housing Counselor: Nonprofit agencies like HUD-approved counselors can review offers for hidden costs. 3. Check the APR: Ensure it aligns with the average APR for your credit score and loan type (e.g., 3.5–4.5% for prime borrowers in 2023). 4. Review the Closing Disclosure (CD): Compare it to the LE within 3 days of closing for discrepancies. 5. Search for complaints: Check the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) or Better Business Bureau (BBB) for lender reviews. Example of a Predatory Fee Structure: A lender charges: $5,000 origination fee (1.67% of $300K) $1,200 appraisal fee (unnecessarily high) $800 credit report fee (standard is $50–$100) Total fees: $7,000 (2.33%)—far above the 1–2% average. Real-World Scenarios: Comparing Mortgages in Different Situations Mortgage comparisons are not one-size-fits-all; they vary significantly based on borrower profiles, property types, and economic conditions. Real-world scenarios reveal how creditworthiness, income documentation, property use, and market dynamics influence loan terms, costs, and long-term financial strategies. Understanding these distinctions ensures borrowers make informed decisions tailored to their unique circumstances. Mortgage Options for First-Time Homebuyers vs. Self-Employed Borrowers Credit scores and income documentation are critical determinants of mortgage eligibility and terms. A first-time homebuyer with a 650 credit score (considered "fair" by FICO) faces stricter lending criteria compared to a self-employed borrower with a 750 score ("very good"). Below is a side-by-side comparison of their potential loan scenarios: Key Assumptions: First-time buyer: Salaried employee with stable income, 5% down payment, conventional loan. Self-employed borrower: 20% down payment, bank statement loans or manual underwriting. Market conditions: 30-year fixed-rate mortgage at 6.5% (as of mid-2023). Loan Type and Down Payment: The first-time buyer may qualify for FHA loans (3.5% down) or conventional loans with Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) if down payment is <20%. Higher interest rates or fees may apply due to lower credit. The self-employed borrower, with a stronger credit profile, can access conventional loans (20% down, no PMI) or jumbo loans if property value exceeds conforming limits. Bank statement loans (common for self-employed) may offer flexibility but require higher down payments (20–25%). Interest Rates and APR: First-time buyer: Likely 6.75–7.25% APR (higher due to PMI and lower credit score). Self-employed borrower: 6.25–6.75% APR (better rates due to higher credit and down payment). Income Documentation Impact: First-time buyer: Lenders rely on W-2s, pay stubs, and tax returns for verification. Debt-to-income ratio (DTI) caps at 43–50% for conventional/FHA loans. Self-employed borrower: Requires 2+ years of tax returns, bank statements, or profit-and-loss statements. Lenders may use average monthly deposits or current year-to-date income for approval. DTI thresholds may be stricter (e.g., 36–40% for bank statement loans). Closing Costs and Fees: First-time buyer: Higher lender fees (e.g., origination fees of 1–2% of loan) and PMI premiums ($30–$70/month per $100k loan). Self-employed borrower: May face higher appraisal fees ($500–$800) and manual underwriting costs ($300–$600). However, no PMI reduces long-term costs. Example Calculation: For a $300,000 home: First-time buyer (5% down, 7% APR, PMI): $1,850/month (principal + interest + PMI). Self-employed (20% down, 6.5% APR): $1,530/month (no PMI). Difference: $320/month in favor of the self-employed borrower. Comparing Mortgages for Primary Residences vs. Investment Properties Primary residences and investment properties have distinct mortgage requirements, reflecting differences in risk, occupancy, and tax treatment. Below is a structured comparison focusing on down payments, interest rates, and tax implications. Key Definitions: Primary residence: Owner-occupied property (1–4 units). Investment property: Non-owner-occupied (e.g., rental, vacation home). Factor Primary Residence Investment Property Minimum Down Payment 3–5% (FHA), 3% (conventional), 20% (avoid PMI). 15–25% (conventional), 20–25% (investor loans). FHA/VA loans typically prohibited. Interest Rates Lower rates (e.g., 6.25–6.75% for 750+ credit). Higher rates (e.g., 7.0–8.0% due to increased risk). Loan Terms 30-year fixed, 15-year fixed, or ARMs (3/1, 5/1). Shorter terms (15–20 years) or interest-only loans common. ARMs riskier due to rate volatility. Property Taxes Deductible up to $10,000/year (standard deduction limits apply). Fully deductible (no limits) as business expenses. However, pass-through deductions may apply for rental income. Mortgage Insurance PMI for <20% down; USDA/rural loans may have guarantees. Investor PMI (0.5–2% annually) required for <20% down. No FHA/VA options. Rental Income Considerations N/A (owner-occupied). Lenders evaluate debt service coverage ratio (DSCR): Net rental income must exceed 1.25x–1.5x mortgage payments. Example Scenario: Primary Residence: $350,000 home, 5% down ($17,500), 6.5% rate → $2,000/month (principal + interest + PMI). Investment Property: $400,000 rental, 25% down ($100,000), 7.5% rate → $2,500/month (principal + interest + investor PMI). Tax Impact: Investment property allows $1,200/month in deductible mortgage interest (vs. $1,667 for primary residence under standard deduction). Refinancing During Low Interest Rates vs. Waiting for Further Drops Refinancing decisions hinge on current rates, break-even points, and long-term holding plans. Below is a side-by-side analysis of refinancing now (6.0% rate) vs. waiting for a 5.5% rate, including break-even calculations. Assumptions: Original loan: 30-year fixed at 7.0%, $300,000 balance, 20 years remaining. Refinance to: 30-year fixed at 6.0% (now) or 5.5% (6 months later). Closing costs: 2% of loan value ($6,000 for $300k). Refinancing Now (6.0% Rate): New monthly payment: $1,799 (vs. $2,100 original). Savings: $301/month. Break-even point: Selecting the optimal mortgage hinges on a blend of financial discipline and strategic planning. From comparing fixed-rate stability against ARM flexibility to weighing upfront costs against lifetime savings, each decision carries lasting implications. By prioritizing transparency, utilizing comparison tools, and recognizing red flags, borrowers can navigate the process with confidence. The right mortgage is not merely about securing a loan—it is about building equity, managing risk, and achieving peace of mind for years to come. Armed with these insights, you are now prepared to make a choice that reflects both your current needs and future aspirations.

• financial planning
• fixed vs adjustable rate
• home loan basics
• mortgage comparison
• refinancing guide

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