Building Construction Insurance Essentials Explained

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Building construction insurance serves as a critical safeguard against financial losses arising from unforeseen events during development projects, yet its complexities often lead to underutilization or misalignment with project needs. From structural failures to regulatory non-compliance, the risks in construction are multifaceted, demanding a tailored approach to coverage that balances comprehensive protection with cost efficiency. This guide dissects the foundational elements of building construction insurance, from policy structures and risk assessment methodologies to regional adaptations and technological innovations reshaping underwriting practices. By examining real-world case studies and comparative analyses of exclusions, endorsements, and mitigation strategies, stakeholders can navigate the intricacies of securing optimal coverage for projects ranging from small-scale renovations to large-scale infrastructure ventures.

The interplay between insurance design and project-specific variables—such as location, scale, and sustainability goals—highlights the necessity for proactive policy customization. Whether addressing the unique challenges of high-rise construction in seismic zones or integrating green building incentives into underwriting frameworks, the evolution of construction insurance reflects broader trends in risk management, regulatory compliance, and technological integration. Understanding these dynamics not only mitigates exposure to financial and operational disruptions but also fosters long-term resilience in an industry where precision and foresight are paramount.

building construction insurance

Core Components of Building Construction Insurance

Building construction insurance serves as a critical risk management tool for developers, contractors, and project owners by mitigating financial losses arising from unforeseen events during construction phases. The policy framework is designed to address physical damage, liability exposures, and operational disruptions while accounting for project-specific vulnerabilities. Understanding the primary coverage categories, policy distinctions, and exclusions ensures stakeholders can tailor protection to align with project scope, location, and regulatory requirements.

The foundation of construction insurance lies in its coverage categories, which are structured to address both direct and indirect losses. These categories include structural damage from accidents or material failures, theft or vandalism targeting construction materials or equipment, and natural disasters such as windstorms, hail, or fire. Additional layers often encompass liability for third-party injuries or property damage, as well as specialized risks like equipment breakdown or cyber threats during digital project management.

Primary Coverage Categories and Their Applications

Building construction insurance typically categorizes coverage into direct physical loss, liability exposures, and indirect costs. Direct physical loss encompasses damage to the insured property (e.g., foundations, framing, or installed systems) caused by covered perils. Liability coverage extends to legal and medical expenses arising from bodily injury or property damage to third parties, while indirect costs may include business interruption or increased construction costs due to delays.

Structural Damage
Covers losses from accidents during construction, such as collapsed scaffolding, improperly installed trusses, or material defects. For example, a reinforced concrete slab failing due to improper curing can trigger claims under this category. Policies often differentiate between hard costs (materials/labor) and soft costs (design fees, permits) for reimbursement.

Theft and Vandalism
Protects against losses from unauthorized removal or destruction of materials/equipment, including tools left unattended at job sites. High-risk projects (e.g., urban areas with elevated crime rates) may require enhanced security measures like 24/7 monitoring, which can influence premiums. A notable case involved a $2.5 million theft of copper wiring from a commercial high-rise under construction in Chicago, where the insurer reimbursed the developer after verifying security lapses.

Natural Disasters
Standard policies often exclude catastrophic events like floods or earthquakes unless explicitly endorsed. However, perils such as windstorms or fire are typically included. For instance, Hurricane Ian (2022) caused $1.8 billion in insured construction losses in Florida alone, highlighting the need for parametric triggers or separate catastrophe coverage for high-risk regions.

All-Risk vs. Named-Peril Policies: Key Distinctions and Use Cases

The choice between all-risk (comprehensive) and named-peril (specific) policies hinges on project complexity, budget, and risk tolerance. All-risk policies provide broader coverage, reimbursing losses unless explicitly excluded, while named-peril policies list covered events, requiring insureds to verify each claim’s eligibility.

All-Risk Policies
Ideal for large-scale or high-value projects where unforeseen risks are prevalent. For example, a $500 million mixed-use development in Dubai might opt for an all-risk policy to avoid disputes over peril-specific exclusions. The policyholder bears the burden of proving exclusions (e.g., "wear and tear") rather than the insurer proving coverage. Premiums are higher due to the insurer’s broader liability.

Named-Peril Policies
Suitable for smaller or lower-risk projects (e.g., single-family homes) where predictable perils dominate. A residential builder in a low-crime suburb might select a named-peril policy covering fire, theft, and vandalism, excluding earthquakes—a common exclusion in seismic-stable regions. Claims are faster to process but require insureds to confirm the peril’s occurrence.

Scenario Comparison

  • All-Risk: A crane collapse during a skyscraper’s construction in Singapore is covered under all-risk, as the insurer does not need to match the peril to a predefined list.
  • Named-Peril: A fire at a suburban home renovation project is covered if "fire" is listed, but water damage from a burst pipe (unless named) would not qualify.

    • Standard Exclusions Across Major Insurers: A Comparative Analysis

    Exclusions vary by insurer but often include catastrophic events, intentional acts, and pre-existing conditions. Below is a comparative table of common exclusions, based on policies from Chubb, Travelers, and AXA, with real-world implications.
    Exclusion Category Chubb Travelers AXA Real-World Impact
    Flood Excluded unless endorsed (e.g., NFIP-compliant) Excluded; requires separate flood policy Excluded; parametric coverage optional In 2021, Hurricane Ida caused $35 billion in flood-related construction losses in Louisiana, where standard policies provided zero coverage.
    Earthquake Excluded; California-specific endorsements available Excluded; requires earthquake rider Excluded; sub-limits apply in seismic zones A 2019 earthquake in Ridgecrest, California, left 12,000+ construction projects uninsured for structural damage due to exclusions.
    Mold Remediation Excluded unless caused by a covered peril (e.g., burst pipe) Excluded; subrogation applies if negligence proven Excluded; requires additional pollution liability endorsement Mold claims account for 10% of construction liability lawsuits, with average payouts of $50,000–$200,000.
    War/Civil Unrest Excluded; terrorism rider available Excluded; requires political violence endorsement Excluded; war clauses apply globally During the 2020 Beirut port explosion, insurers denied 85% of construction claims due to war/civil unrest exclusions.
    Mechanical Breakdown Excluded; requires equipment breakdown policy Excluded unless part of a named peril (e.g., fire) Excluded; subrogation for manufacturer defects HVAC system failures during construction cause 30% of project delays, often uninsured under standard policies.
    Key Observations
  • Catastrophic Perils: Floods and earthquakes are consistently excluded, necessitating separate endorsements or parametric insurance (e.g., parametric triggers for wind speed).
  • Pollution/Mold: Exclusions reflect insurers’ reluctance to cover gradual damage, shifting liability to contractors via subrogation.
  • War/Terrorism: Post-9/11 policies now include terrorism riders, but civil unrest remains a gray area in conflict zones.

    • Additional Endorsements and Their Cost Implications by Project Scale

    Endorsements extend base coverage to address niche risks, with premium adjustments based on project value, location, and historical claims data. Below is a breakdown of common endorsements and their financial impact for residential (e.g., $500K–$5M projects) vs. commercial (e.g., $10M–$500M+ projects).

    Builder’s Risk Extensions

  • Coverage: Extends protection beyond the construction phase to include soft costs (e.g., architectural fees, permits) and delays caused by covered perils.
  • Cost:
  • Residential: Adds 5–10% to premiums (e.g., $2,500–$5,000 annually for a $500K home).
  • Commercial: Adds 3–8% (e.g., $300K–$1.2M for a $10M office building).
  • Example: A developer in Miami faced a 6-month delay due to Hurricane Irma (2017); the builder’s risk extension covered $1.8M in soft costs.

    • Pollution Liability

  • Coverage: Addresses contamination from construction activities (e.g., asbestos, chemical spills) and cleanup costs.
  • Cost:
  • Residential: 2–5% of premium (e.g., $1,000–$3

    • Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies in Construction

    Construction projects inherently involve high-risk exposures due to their dynamic nature, involving multiple stakeholders, complex logistics, and unpredictable environmental factors. Effective risk assessment and mitigation are critical to ensuring project viability, compliance with regulatory standards, and financial sustainability. Proactive identification of vulnerabilities—such as delays, cost overruns, safety hazards, and material shortages—enables stakeholders to implement targeted strategies, reducing the likelihood of claims and operational disruptions. This section explores the top five risks in construction, structured mitigation frameworks, the role of technology in risk optimization, and comparative analyses of traditional versus digital risk management approaches, supported by empirical case studies and actionable templates.

    Top Five Risks in Construction Projects and Mitigation Strategies

    Construction projects face systemic risks that can derail timelines, inflate budgets, and compromise safety. The following five risks are consistently identified as the most critical across global construction sectors, along with evidence-based mitigation strategies designed to preempt or minimize their impact.

    1. Project Delays
    Delays are a leading cause of financial losses, with studies indicating they account for 20–30% of total project overruns (McKinsey, 2021). Causes include weather disruptions, labor shortages, design flaws, or supply chain bottlenecks. Mitigation involves:

  • Phased Construction Planning: Break projects into modular phases with buffer periods for critical path activities.
  • Contractual Incentives: Implement liquidated damages clauses for contractors to align with timelines.
  • Real-Time Monitoring: Deploy AI-driven scheduling tools (e.g., Procore, Autodesk BIM 360) to track progress against baselines.
  • Contingency Reserves: Allocate 10–15% of the budget for unforeseen delays, funded through insurance or retained earnings.

    • 2. Cost Overruns
    Cost overruns exceed budgets by an average of 28% in large-scale projects (PwC, 2022), driven by scope creep, inflation, or inefficient resource allocation. Strategies include:

  • Value Engineering Workshops: Conduct pre-construction reviews to optimize material and labor costs.
  • Fixed-Price Contracts with Penalties: Use GMP (Guaranteed Maximum Price) contracts to cap expenditures.
  • Supplier Diversification: Maintain a pre-approved vendor database to mitigate supply chain risks.
  • Predictive Analytics: Leverage machine learning models (e.g., Oracle Primavera) to forecast cost deviations early.

    • 3. Safety Incidents and Worker Injuries
    Construction remains the most hazardous industry, with OSHA reporting 1 in 5 workplace fatalities occurring in construction (2023). Proactive measures include:

  • Pre-Construction Safety Audits: Conduct HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) analyses for high-risk tasks (e.g., scaffolding, excavation).
  • Behavior-Based Safety Programs: Train workers using VR simulations (e.g., Stratasys GrabCAD) to reinforce compliance.
  • Real-Time Alert Systems: Deploy wearable IoT devices (e.g., Honeywell SmartSites) to monitor fatigue or hazardous gas levels.
  • Third-Party Certifications: Require contractors to hold OSHA 30-hour certifications and conduct weekly toolbox talks.

    • 4. Material and Equipment Shortages
    Supply chain disruptions (e.g., steel tariffs, COVID-19 logistics delays) can halt projects for weeks or months. Mitigation tactics include:

  • Dual-Sourcing Strategies: Secure alternative suppliers for critical materials (e.g., steel, concrete) with lead-time guarantees.
  • Just-in-Time (JIT) Inventory with Buffer Stocks: Use WMS (Warehouse Management Systems) to track stock levels dynamically.
  • Modular Construction Techniques: Pre-fabricate components off-site to reduce on-site dependency on materials.
  • Insurance Backstops: Purchase contingency insurance covering supply chain interruptions (e.g., parametric triggers for delays).

    • 5. Regulatory and Compliance Risks
    Non-compliance with local building codes, environmental laws, or labor regulations can result in fines, project halts, or litigation. Strategies include:

  • Automated Compliance Tracking: Use AI-powered platforms (e.g., Viewpoint e-Builder) to flag code violations in real time.
  • Stakeholder Pre-Approval Workshops: Engage local authorities, unions, and environmental agencies early to align on requirements.
  • Documentation Audits: Maintain blockchain-secured records (e.g., IBM Blockchain for Construction) to prove compliance during inspections.
  • Legal Contingency Plans: Retain specialist construction lawyers to preemptively address permit challenges.

    • Decision-Making Framework for Risk Transfer Strategies

    The selection of risk transfer mechanisms—such as insurance, bonds, or self-insurance—depends on project scale, complexity, and risk tolerance. Below is a decision flowchart outlining the criteria for choosing optimal transfer strategies, categorized by project characteristics.

    Step 1: Assess Project Scale

    • Small-Scale Projects (<$5M)
      • Use commercial general liability (CGL) insurance with $1M–$2M limits for third-party risks.
      • Opt for performance bonds (e.g., surety bonds) to cover contractor defaults.
      • Self-insure minor safety risks (e.g., first-aid incidents) via retention accounts.
    • Medium-Scale Projects ($5M–$50M)
      • Purchase builder’s risk insurance with floating coverage for materials in transit.
      • Implement wrap-up insurance programs to consolidate all-party liabilities.
      • Deploy parametric insurance for weather-related delays (e.g., indexed to NOAA data).
    • Large-Scale/Complex Projects (>$50M)
      • Secure umbrella liability policies with $10M+ excess coverage for catastrophic events.
      • Use captive insurance to pool risks across multiple projects under a single entity.
      • Leverage risk-sharing agreements with joint ventures or EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction) partners.

    Step 2: Evaluate Risk Complexity

    • High Complexity (e.g., Infrastructure, Nuclear Plants)
      • Require third-party risk assessments (e.g., DNV GL or Lloyd’s Register) to validate insurance adequacy.
      • Integrate cyber insurance for digital twin or IoT-enabled projects.
      • Establish dedicated claims teams to negotiate settlements proactively.
    • Moderate Complexity (e.g., Commercial Buildings, Hospitals)
      • Use risk financing models combining deductibles and coinsurance to balance premiums.
      • Implement loss control services (e.g., site safety inspections by insurers like AXA or Zurich).
    • Low Complexity (e.g., Residential, Renovation)
      • Rely on standardized insurance packages (e.g., ISO forms for CGL).
      • Avoid over-insuring; focus on affordable excess layers for minor claims.

    Step 3: Align with Risk Appetite

    "Risk transfer should reflect the organization’s tolerance for financial exposure. High-risk tolerance may justify self-insurance, while conservative firms prioritize full coverage."

    • Aggressive Risk Appetite: Retain 50–70% of risks via self-insurance; use insurance for catastrophic tail risks.
    • Moderate Risk Appetite: Distribute risks 50/50 between insurance and mitigation strategies.
    • Conservative Risk Appetite: Transfer 80–90% of risks to insurers; minimize retention.

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    Policy Customization for Project Types and Regions in Building Construction Insurance

    Building construction insurance policies must adapt to the unique risks, regulatory landscapes, and project scopes across industries and geographies. Standardized policies often fail to address specialized hazards—such as seismic activity in Japan or flood risks in the U.S. Gulf Coast—while also overlooking sector-specific liabilities, such as professional indemnity for engineering firms or subcontractor default risks in public-private partnerships (PPPs). Regional compliance requirements further complicate underwriting, necessitating tailored coverage that aligns with local laws, environmental mandates, and project complexity. This section examines how insurers customize policies for high-risk projects, regional variations in mandatory coverages, and the structural differences between public and private sector insurance frameworks. Additionally, it explores how premiums scale with project intricacy and the incentives for sustainable construction practices.

    Specialized Insurance Add-Ons for High-Risk Construction Projects

    High-risk construction projects—such as high-rise buildings, bridges, tunnels, and offshore structures—require additional insurance layers beyond standard commercial general liability (CGL) or builder’s risk policies. These add-ons address project-specific vulnerabilities, including design flaws, material defects, environmental hazards, and third-party liabilities. Below is a categorized breakdown of essential add-ons, categorized by project type and associated risks:

    High-Rise Buildings and Complex Structures

  • Professional Liability for Engineers/Architects: Covers errors or omissions in design plans that lead to structural failures, delays, or cost overruns. Example: A 2018 case in Dubai where faulty wind-load calculations in a skyscraper design required a $50M retrofitting claim.
  • Elevator and Mechanical System Coverage: Extends protection for specialized equipment failures (e.g., elevator malfunctions, HVAC system defects) during construction or post-completion.
  • Fire and Explosion Endorsements: Mandatory for projects with high combustible material usage (e.g., timber-frame high-rises) or proximity to industrial zones.
  • Terrorism and Civil Unrest Coverage: Required in politically unstable regions (e.g., Middle East, parts of Africa) where labor strikes or sabotage could halt progress.

    • Bridges, Tunnels, and Infrastructure

  • Geotechnical Risk Insurance: Protects against unforeseen soil conditions (e.g., sinkholes, unstable bedrock) that necessitate redesign or abandonment. Example: The $1.4B delay in Hong Kong’s Chek Lap Kok Airport due to unexpected seabed conditions.
  • Third-Party Property Damage: Covers damage to adjacent infrastructure (e.g., roads, utilities) during excavation or blasting operations.
  • Delayed Completion Bonds: Guarantees project completion on schedule, often tied to penalty clauses in public contracts.

    • Offshore and Marine Construction

  • Marine Cargo Insurance: Protects materials and equipment during transport via sea, including risks of piracy, storms, or vessel collisions.
  • Environmental Liability for Spills: Mandatory for projects involving dredging, oil rigs, or underwater foundations (e.g., offshore wind farms).
  • Worker’s Compensation for Remote Locations: Extended coverage for medical evacuation and repatriation in case of accidents in offshore or remote sites.

    • Renewable Energy and Sustainable Projects

  • Green Technology Equipment Insurance: Covers damage to solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems during installation or operation.
  • Carbon Credit Insurance: Protects against financial losses if a project fails to achieve certified emissions reductions (e.g., for carbon offset projects).
  • Warranty Extensions for Sustainable Materials: Ensures long-term coverage for defects in recycled steel, cross-laminated timber (CLT), or phase-change materials.

    • Public Sector and Government Contracts

  • Performance Bonds and Surety Insurance: Required for bids on government projects to ensure financial backing for contract fulfillment.
  • Subcontractor Default Insurance: Covers costs if a subcontractor fails to deliver, including rework or replacement.
  • Force Majeure Clauses: Explicitly defines natural disasters, pandemics, or political events as covered risks, avoiding disputes over liability.

    • Regional Variations in Mandatory Coverages and Compliance

    Building construction insurance is heavily influenced by regional laws, environmental risks, and economic policies. Insurers must integrate local mandates into policy structures to ensure compliance and mitigate legal exposure. Key regional variations include:

    United States: Flood and Natural Hazard Zones

  • FEMA Requirements: Projects in Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) must include flood insurance (via the National Flood Insurance Program, NFIP) as a condition for permits. Example: Post-Hurricane Katrina, Louisiana mandated elevated foundations for all new constructions in flood zones.
  • Wildfire-Prone Regions (California, Colorado): Policies must include wildfire defense endorsements, such as ember-resistant roofing materials or defensible space clearances around sites.
  • State-Specific Liability Limits: Some states (e.g., Texas) cap liability for oil/gas pipeline projects, while others (e.g., New York) impose stricter environmental impact assessments for high-rise developments.

    • Japan: Seismic and Earthquake Insurance

  • Earthquake Insurance System (JEAI): Mandatory for all buildings in seismic zones, covering up to 50% of reconstruction costs. Insurers partner with the government to subsidize premiums.
  • Liquefaction Risk Coverage: Additional endorsements required for projects in reclaimed land (e.g., Tokyo’s waterfront areas), where soil liquefaction during tremors can collapse foundations.
  • Tsunami-Resistant Design Certifications: Policies may include engineering verification clauses to ensure compliance with Japan’s Building Standard Law for coastal constructions.

    • Europe: Environmental and Labor Regulations

  • UK’s Environmental Permitting Regulations (EPR): Requires pollution liability insurance for projects involving hazardous materials (e.g., asbestos removal, chemical storage).
  • Germany’s VOB Contracts: Public sector projects must include delay damages insurance, compensating clients for cost overruns due to contractor negligence.
  • Scandinavia’s Green Building Mandates: Policies in Sweden and Norway offer discounts for LEED or BREEAM-certified projects, with insurers verifying energy efficiency standards pre-approval.

    • Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Political and Climate Risks

  • Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Labor Laws: Insurance must cover workers’ compensation for expatriate labor, including medical repatriation and family support in case of fatalities.
  • Sandstorm and Dust Storm Coverage: Mandatory in desert regions (e.g., UAE, Saudi Arabia) for projects with exposed materials or equipment.
  • Sharia-Compliant Insurance (Takaful): Some projects in Muslim-majority countries require participation-based insurance models, where risks are pooled among stakeholders rather than insured under traditional policies.

    • Australia and New Zealand: Cyclone and Bushfire Zones

  • Cyclone Rating System (Australia): Buildings in Queensland must comply with cyclone-resistant construction standards (AS 1170.2), with insurers verifying compliance before issuing policies.
  • Bushfire Attack Level (BAL) Certifications: Mandatory in Victoria and South Australia, requiring fire-resistant materials and ember-proofing, often tied to premium discounts.
  • Indigenous Land Agreements: Projects on Aboriginal land (e.g., mining or infrastructure) may require cultural heritage insurance, covering damages to sacred sites or artifacts.

    • Policy Structures for Public vs. Private Sector Projects

    Public and private sector construction projects differ significantly in risk allocation, liability limits, and compliance requirements, leading to distinct insurance structures. Below is a comparative analysis of key differences:
    FeaturePublic Sector ProjectsPrivate Sector Projects
    Liability LimitsHigher due to government exposure (e.g., $50M–$200M for infrastructure). Often includes sovereign immunity waivers.Lower but scalable (e.g., $10M–$50M for commercial builds). Limits tied to project value.
    Subcontractor CoverageMandatory flow-down clauses requiring subcontractors to maintain equivalent insurance levels. Example: U.S. federal contracts (FAR Part 28) mandate subcontractor certificates of insurance.Often negotiated case-by-case; may exclude high-risk subcontractors (e.g., demolition firms).
    Compliance RequirementsStrict adherence to government procurement laws (e.g., Davis-Bacon Act in the U.S., EU’s Public Procurement Directives).Flexible but subject to contractual indemnity clauses (e.g., "hold harmless" agreements).
    Performance BondsBid bonds, performance bonds, and payment bonds are standard (e.g., 100% of contract value for federal projects).Typically limited to bid bonds (1–5% of bid amount) unless PPPs are involved.
    Environmental LiabilitySuperfund-like coverage for brownfield redevelopments (e.g., U.S. EPA CERCLA requirements).Phase I/II environmental assessments

    Building construction insurance is more than a contractual obligation; it is a strategic tool that aligns financial protection with project objectives, risk tolerance, and regulatory demands. By leveraging data-driven risk assessments, specialized endorsements, and regional adaptations, stakeholders can transform potential vulnerabilities into opportunities for operational excellence and cost savings. The insights provided here underscore the importance of collaboration between insurers, contractors, and project managers to tailor policies that reflect the evolving landscape of construction challenges—from traditional hazards to emerging threats like climate-related disruptions. As technology continues to redefine risk mitigation, those who proactively integrate these advancements into their insurance strategies will not only safeguard their investments but also set new benchmarks for industry-wide resilience and innovation.

    FAQ

    What are the key requirements for building construction insurance?

    Building construction insurance typically requires coverage for property damage, theft, vandalism, and liability risks. Policies often mandate proof of project plans, contractor licenses, and compliance with local building codes. Some insurers may also require a minimum deductible or specific safety measures. Coverage limits are usually based on project value and duration.

    How much does building construction insurance cost?

    Costs vary widely but typically range from 0.5% to 3% of the total project value, depending on factors like location, project size, risk level, and coverage scope. High-risk projects (e.g., high-rises) may cost more, while smaller residential builds are usually cheaper. Additional endorsements (e.g., pollution liability) can increase premiums.

    What is building construction insurance in Victoria, Australia?

    In Victoria, building construction insurance (often called Home Building Compensation Fund insurance or contract works insurance) is mandatory for licensed builders to protect homeowners from defects. It covers structural issues for up to 6 years (or 10 years for major defects) under the Domestic Building Contracts Act 1995. Policies must meet state-specific requirements and be issued by approved insurers.

    What is building works insurance and how does it differ from other policies?

    Building works insurance covers risks during construction, including damage to the structure, materials, or equipment due to fire, storms, or accidents. Unlike general liability insurance (which covers third-party injuries), it focuses on physical project risks. It may also include public liability or professional indemnity as add-ons, depending on the policy.

    Do I need house construction insurance, and what does it cover?

    Yes, house construction insurance is essential to protect against financial loss from damage, theft, or legal claims during building. It covers the structure, materials, and tools on-site, as well as liability for injuries or property damage to others. Without it, costs from accidents, fires, or delays could fall on the homeowner or contractor.

    What does building contractor insurance typically include?

    Building contractor insurance usually combines contract works insurance (covering project damage), public liability insurance (third-party injuries/property), and sometimes tools and equipment insurance. Policies may also include professional indemnity for design errors or workers’ compensation if required by law. Coverage varies by policy and jurisdiction.

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