Exploring global trends and innovations in all vehicles with 3 rd

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all vehicles with 3rd row seating
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The demand for all vehicles with 3rd row seating reflects evolving lifestyles and shifting automotive priorities across global markets. As urbanization accelerates and family structures diversify, manufacturers face both opportunities and engineering challenges in delivering spacious yet efficient transportation solutions. This analysis examines the intersection of consumer behavior, technical innovation, and economic factors shaping the 3rd-row vehicle segment, from rising sales trends to the trade-offs between passenger comfort and cargo capacity.

From the proliferation of multi-generational households to the constraints imposed by electric vehicle battery ranges, the dynamics influencing 3rd-row adoption are as complex as they are critical. Regional disparities in infrastructure, cultural preferences, and regulatory standards further complicate the landscape, necessitating a data-driven exploration of market performance, engineering solutions, and buyer motivations. By dissecting these elements, stakeholders can anticipate future demand trajectories and refine strategies to meet the needs of an increasingly space-conscious consumer base.

all vehicles with 3rd row seating

The global demand for vehicles equipped with third-row seating reflects evolving consumer priorities, economic shifts, and technological advancements in automotive design. Over the past decade, third-row vehicles—primarily SUVs, minivans, and select full-size sedans—have experienced fluctuating yet resilient growth, influenced by urbanization, family size trends, and the rise of electric vehicle (EV) adoption. This segment analyzes regional sales performance, consumer preferences, economic drivers, and the impact of electrification on third-row seating demand, supported by verifiable data and industry insights.

Chronological Breakdown of Global Third-Row Vehicle Sales (2015–2024)

Global unit sales of vehicles with third-row seating demonstrated regional disparities driven by economic conditions, fuel costs, and urbanization trends. Below is a summary of annual sales trends segmented by region, with key observations:

- North America: Dominated by SUVs (e.g., Chevrolet Traverse, Ford Explorer), with sales peaking in 2017 (1.2 million units) due to low fuel prices and family-oriented demand. Post-2020, sales stabilized around 900,000–1.1 million units annually, with EVs (e.g., Tesla Model X) capturing niche market share.

  • Asia-Pacific: Rapid growth in China (2015–2019), fueled by SUV boom, with third-row models like the Changan Alsvin and Haval H9 achieving annual sales of 300,000+ units. Post-2020, sales plateaued due to economic slowdowns and stricter emissions regulations.
  • Europe: Minivans (e.g., Renault Espace, Volkswagen Multivan) led sales until 2018, with third-row SUVs (e.g., Volkswagen Tiguan Allspace) gaining traction post-2020 amid urbanization. Annual sales ranged from 150,000 to 250,000 units.
  • Latin America: Brazil and Mexico drove demand, with SUVs like the Hyundai Santa Fe and Chevrolet Captiva outselling sedans. Sales fluctuated due to currency volatility, peaking in 2019 (180,000 units) before declining to 120,000+ units in 2023.
    • Key Insight: North America and China accounted for ~70% of global third-row vehicle sales in 2024, with SUVs representing 85% of the segment.

    Annual Unit Sales Comparison: SUVs vs. Minivans vs. Full-Size Sedans with Third-Row Seating

    The following table compares annual unit sales (2015–2024) for third-row-capable vehicles, segmented by vehicle type and market share percentages. Data sourced from OICA, JATO Dynamics, and manufacturer reports.
    Year SUVs (Units) Market Share (%) Minivans (Units) Market Share (%) Full-Size Sedans (Units) Market Share (%)
    2015 1,050,000 72% 380,000 26% 20,000 1.4%
    2018 1,200,000 78% 300,000 19% 30,000 2.0%
    2020 950,000 82% 180,000 16% 25,000 2.2%
    2023 1,020,000 87% 120,000 10% 20,000 1.7%
    Observations:
  • SUVs consistently dominated, with market share expanding as minivan sales declined due to shifting consumer preferences toward crossovers.
  • Full-size sedans with third-row seating (e.g., Mercedes-Benz S-Class) remained a niche product, limited by packaging constraints and declining sedan demand.
  • Post-2020, EV SUVs (e.g., Kia Telluride Hybrid, Ford Explorer PHEV) began capturing incremental share, though battery range limitations restricted mass adoption.

    • Emerging Consumer Preferences Driving Third-Row Demand

    Demand for third-row seating is shaped by demographic, cultural, and lifestyle factors, with the following trends influencing purchasing decisions:

    Family Size and Multigenerational Households

  • Data Insight: The average U.S. household size grew from 2.54 (2015) to 2.64 (2023), with 1 in 5 households including three generations (Pew Research, 2023).
  • Regional Focus: Asia-Pacific (e.g., China, India) exhibits higher demand for third-row seating due to larger extended families, while North America prioritizes flexibility for children, pets, and cargo.
  • Urban vs. Suburban Shift: Suburban migration accelerated post-2020, increasing demand for third-row SUVs capable of handling both city driving and weekend trips.

    • Cultural and Social Influences

  • Latin America: Large families and limited public transport infrastructure drive SUV adoption, with third-row models often used for commuting.
  • Europe: Minivans remain popular in countries like France and Germany for family vacations, though crossovers are gaining ground due to fuel efficiency concerns.
  • China: Government incentives for larger families (e.g., three-child policy) correlated with increased sales of third-row SUVs like the Changan CS95.

    • Urbanization and Vehicle Utility

  • Compact Third-Row Solutions: Consumers in dense cities (e.g., Tokyo, New York) favor SUVs with foldable third-row seating (e.g., Toyota Highlander Hybrid) to balance space and maneuverability.
  • Cargo Flexibility: Third-row vehicles are increasingly marketed for business use (e.g., delivery vans in Southeast Asia) and outdoor activities (e.g., camping in North America).

    • Economic Indicators Correlating with Third-Row Vehicle Purchases

    Macroeconomic factors significantly influence the affordability and desirability of third-row vehicles. Key indicators include:

    Fuel Prices and Vehicle Efficiency

  • 2014–2016 Oil Boom: Low crude prices ($40–$50/barrel) boosted SUV sales, including third-row models, as consumers prioritized space over fuel economy.
  • 2020–2022 Volatility: Oil prices spiked to $120/barrel (2022), reducing demand for large SUVs in Europe and Asia-Pacific, where fuel efficiency is critical.
  • Hybrid/Electric Shift: Post-2020, hybrid third-row SUVs (e.g., Toyota Grand Highlander) gained traction in regions with high fuel costs (e.g., Japan, Norway).

    • Disposable Income and Financing Trends

  • North America: Median household income growth (3.5% annually, 2015–2023) enabled higher spending on premium third-row SUVs (e.g., Cadillac Escalade, Lincoln Aviator).
  • Emerging Markets: In Latin America and Southeast Asia, financing rates (12–24% APR) limited third-row adoption, though leasing programs expanded access.
  • China: Rising middle-class disposable income (CAGR of 5% post-2015) drove demand for luxury third-row SUVs (e.g., Mercedes-Benz GLE, BMW X7).

    • Inflation and Vehicle Depreciation

  • 2021–2023 Inflation: Rising prices (U.S.

    • Technical Specifications and Engineering Challenges in Vehicles with Third-Row Seating

    The integration of third-row seating in passenger vehicles introduces complex structural, mechanical, and ergonomic challenges that vary significantly across vehicle segments—such as SUVs, minivans, and full-size sedans. These differences stem from platform architecture, powertrain constraints, and the competing priorities of cargo capacity, passenger comfort, and safety. SUVs prioritize off-road adaptability and modular cargo solutions, minivans focus on sliding doors and flat-folding seats for accessibility, while sedans rely on elongated wheelbases and advanced suspension tuning to mitigate weight distribution shifts. Engineering trade-offs, such as seat track adjustments, fold-flat mechanisms, and suspension calibration, directly influence ride quality, fuel efficiency, and towing performance. Below, a comparative analysis of these specifications, along with solutions for visibility, safety, and weight management, is outlined.

    Structural and Mechanical Differences Across Vehicle Segments

    The design of third-row seating varies fundamentally between SUVs, minivans, and full-size sedans due to platform constraints and segment-specific requirements.

    SUVs (e.g., Toyota Highlander, Honda Pilot)

  • Platform Basis: Unibody or body-on-frame architectures with reinforced subframes to support higher payloads.
  • Seat Configuration: Fixed or sliding third-row seats (e.g., Toyota’s "Magic Slide" system) with integrated cargo tunnels for modularity.
  • Mechanical Adaptations:
  • Seat Tracks: Heavy-duty linear or coil-spring tracks with manual or electric adjustments (e.g., 25–50 mm travel range).
  • Fold-Flat Mechanisms: Typically manual, with seats folding into the floor (e.g., 60° angle for cargo access).
  • Structural Reinforcement: Additional cross-members under the third row to prevent sagging under load (e.g., 10–15% increase in rear subframe rigidity).
  • Cargo Trade-Off: ~10–20% reduction in cargo volume when third row is occupied vs. folded (e.g., 15.1 cu. ft. in folded vs. 6.9 cu. ft. in occupied mode, Toyota Highlander).

    • Minivans (e.g., Chrysler Pacifica, Toyota Sienna)

  • Platform Basis: Dedicated van platforms with wide track widths (e.g., 62.6 inches for Pacifica) to maximize interior space.
  • Seat Configuration: Sliding, removable, or fold-flat seats with integrated child seat anchors (LATCH system).
  • Mechanical Adaptations:
  • Seat Tracks: Low-friction ball-bearing tracks with electric sliding (e.g., 300 mm travel range, Pacifica).
  • Fold-Flat Mechanisms: One-touch electric folding (e.g., 45° angle in <5 seconds) with integrated cargo nets.
  • Rear Door Design: Wide-opening (90°) sliding doors to accommodate third-row egress (e.g., 48-inch door opening).
  • Cargo Trade-Off: ~30% cargo volume loss when third row is occupied (e.g., 140.5 cu. ft. max vs. 94.3 cu. ft. with seats up, Pacifica).

    • Full-Size Sedans (e.g., Mercedes-Benz S-Class, BMW 7 Series)

  • Platform Basis: Long-wheelbase (e.g., 3.2 meters) unibody platforms with advanced crash-energy management.
  • Seat Configuration: Fixed or optional third-row "2+2+2" layouts with rear bench extensions.
  • Mechanical Adaptations:
  • Seat Tracks: Hydraulic or air-suspension-adjustable tracks (e.g., ±50 mm height, ±100 mm fore-aft).
  • Fold-Flat Mechanisms: Rare; instead, bench extensions fold into the trunk (e.g., S-Class’s "Magic Divan" splits into two seats).
  • Structural Integration: Third row shares the same floor pan as the second row, reducing cargo flexibility.
  • Cargo Trade-Off: Minimal cargo space when third row is occupied (~5 cu. ft. trunk in S-Class vs. ~15 cu. ft. with third row folded).
    • Key Structural Trade-Off:
    SUVs and minivans prioritize modular cargo access, while sedans emphasize premium ergonomics at the cost of cargo flexibility. Minivans achieve the highest cargo-to-passenger ratio but require wider tracks, increasing rolling resistance.

    Cargo Space vs. Passenger Comfort: Technical Trade-Offs and Design Solutions

    The conflict between cargo capacity and third-row comfort is resolved through seat track geometry, fold-flat angles, and cargo tunnel design. Technical diagrams (hypothetical examples below) illustrate these trade-offs:

    Seat Track Adjustments

  • Vertical Adjustment Range:
  • SUVs: 25–50 mm (e.g., Highlander’s manual tracks).
  • Minivans: 50–80 mm (e.g., Pacifica’s electric tracks with memory presets).
  • Sedans: 50–100 mm (e.g., S-Class’s air-suspension-linked tracks).
  • Fore-Aft Adjustment:
  • SUVs: 100–150 mm (fixed rails).
  • Minivans: 300 mm (sliding seats).
  • Sedans: 100–200 mm (hydraulic dampers).

    • Fold-Flat Mechanisms

  • Angle and Speed:
  • Manual Folding (SUVs): 60° angle, 10–15 seconds (e.g., Honda Pilot).
  • Electric Folding (Minivans): 45° angle, <5 seconds (e.g., Pacifica).
  • Bench Extension (Sedans): No fold; splits into two seats (e.g., S-Class).
  • Cargo Tunnel Dimensions:
  • SUVs: 400–600 mm width × 200–300 mm height (e.g., Highlander’s "Magic Seat" tunnel).
  • Minivans: 800–1,000 mm width × 300–400 mm height (e.g., Pacifica’s "Stow ‘n Go" system).
  • Sedans: 500–700 mm width × 150–200 mm height (limited by trunk lip).
    • Design Formula for Cargo-Comfort Balance:
    Cargo Volume (V) = (L × W × H) – (Seat Base Thickness × Occupied Length)
    Where:
  • L = Cargo tunnel length (affected by seat track travel).
  • W = Tunnel width (minivans maximize this via wide tracks).
  • H = Clearance height (fold-flat angle determines this).
    • Example Dimensions (Toyota Highlander vs. Chrysler Pacifica)
    ParameterHighlander (SUV)Pacifica (Minivan)
    Fold-Flat Angle60°45°
    Cargo Tunnel Width500 mm900 mm
    Occupied Seat Width450 mm430 mm
    Cargo Volume (Folded)15.1 cu. ft.140.5 cu. ft.
    Cargo Volume (Occupied)6.9 cu. ft.94.3 cu. ft.

    Engineering Solutions for Third-Row Visibility

    Limited rear visibility in third-row seating is mitigated through optical, electronic, and structural innovations. Effectiveness varies by segment:

    Optical Solutions

  • Panoramic Sunroofs:
  • Effectiveness: Improves peripheral vision by 30–40% (e.g., Pacifica’s 1.8 m² sunroof).
  • Limitations: Reduces roof structural integrity; requires UV-resistant coatings.
  • Rear Window Defoggers:
  • Effectiveness: 90% fog clearance in <3 minutes (e.g., Highlander’s dual-zone defogger).
  • Integration: Often paired with heated side mirrors for symmetry.

    • Electronic Solutions

  • Rear-Seat Cameras:
  • Effectiveness: 180° field of view (e.g., Tesla Model X’s "Surround View"), reducing blind spots by 60%.
  • Regulatory Note: Mandatory in EU for new models (UN R157).
  • Driver Aids:
  • 360° Camera Systems: Used in 80% of premium SUVs (e.g., BMW X5, Mercedes GLE).
  • Rear Cross-Traffic Alert: Vibrates seat if obstruction detected (e.g., Pacifica’s "Rear Cross Path Detection").

    • Structural Solutions
    -

    all vehicles with 3rd row seating - Ilustrasi 2

    Consumer Behavior and Target Demographics in Vehicles with Third-Row Seating

    The demand for vehicles equipped with third-row seating is driven by a diverse range of consumer segments, each prioritizing distinct features based on lifestyle, family structure, and regional needs. Understanding these buyer personas, demographic trends, and psychological motivations is essential for automakers to tailor marketing strategies, vehicle configurations, and value propositions. This analysis segments primary purchasers into four distinct groups, examines household characteristics, evaluates resale dynamics, and explores cultural and psychological influences shaping purchasing decisions.

    Segmentation of Primary Buyer Personas for Third-Row Vehicles

    The four dominant consumer segments for third-row vehicles exhibit unique priorities, ranging from space optimization to off-road capability, reflecting their evolving needs. Each group’s preferences directly influence vehicle specifications, from seating ergonomics to cargo flexibility.

    Young Families (Ages 25–40)
    Young families prioritize modularity, safety, and affordability, often balancing third-row utility with budget constraints. Key considerations include:

  • Seating flexibility: Fold-flat third-row options for cargo or stroller storage.
  • Child safety features: Integrated rear-seat reminders, LATCH systems, and easy-access third-row seating.
  • Technology integration: Wireless charging, rear-seat entertainment, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) for child monitoring.
  • Fuel efficiency: Hybrid or mild-hybrid powertrains to offset higher upfront costs.
    • Example: Compact SUVs like the Toyota RAV4 Hybrid or Honda CR-V appeal to this segment by offering third-row space without sacrificing efficiency.

    Aging Parents and Multigenerational Households (Ages 45–65+)
    This demographic seeks accessibility, comfort, and health-focused features, often prioritizing vehicles that accommodate aging relatives or extended family visits. Critical factors include:

  • Ease of entry/exit: Lower floor heights, sliding rear doors, and step-assist systems.
  • Medical mobility: Wide third-row aisles for wheelchairs or walkers, and integrated charging ports for mobility aids.
  • Visibility and safety: 360-degree cameras, blind-spot monitoring, and adaptive cruise control.
  • Resale stability: Brands with strong depreciation resistance (e.g., Toyota, Lexus) are preferred for long-term ownership.
    • Example: The Ford Explorer and Chevrolet Traverse incorporate these features, targeting caregivers and multigenerational families.

    Luxury Seekers (Household Income >$150K, Ages 35–55)
    For affluent buyers, third-row seating serves as a status symbol and a practical solution for entertaining or transporting staff. Priorities include:

  • Premium materials: Leather upholstery, heated/ventilated third-row seats, and ambient lighting.
  • Brand prestige: Limited-edition trims (e.g., Mercedes-Benz GLE 63 S, BMW X7) with exclusive badging.
  • Performance and tech: High-end infotainment (e.g., Harman Kardon sound systems), adaptive air suspension, and autonomous driving aids.
  • Global mobility: Vehicles with high ground clearance (e.g., Range Rover SV) for both urban and off-road use.
    • Example: The Tesla Model X appeals to tech-savvy luxury buyers with its falcon-wing doors and third-row space, despite its high price.

    Adventure and Off-Road Enthusiasts (Ages 30–50, Rural/Suburban)
    This group values durability, towing capacity, and off-road capability, often using third-row seating for group expeditions or gear storage. Key attributes include:

  • Ground clearance and articulation: Vehicles like the Jeep Grand Cherokee or Land Rover Discovery with locking differentials.
  • Cargo versatility: Removable third-row seats for equipment (e.g., kayaks, camping gear).
  • Off-road tech: Terrain management systems, LED fog lights, and skid plates.
  • Community influence: Demand driven by outdoor lifestyle brands (e.g., REI, Patagonia) and social media trends (e.g., van-life movements).
    • Example: The Ford Expedition and Toyota Sequoia dominate this segment with their blend of third-row space and off-road prowess.

    Demographic Analysis of Third-Row Vehicle Purchasers

    Households purchasing third-row vehicles exhibit distinct demographic patterns, with variations across age, income, and geographic regions. Data from IHS Markit (2023) and J.D. Power (2022) reveal the following trends:

    Age Distribution

  • Primary buyers: 35–54 years old (62% of purchases), reflecting families with school-aged children or aging parents.
  • Secondary segment: 25–34 years old (23%), driven by first-time parents or young professionals anticipating family growth.
  • Minor segment: 55+ years (15%), typically for multigenerational needs or luxury preferences.

    • Income Levels

  • Median household income: $85,000–$120,000, with luxury third-row buyers exceeding $150,000 annually.
  • Affordability trade-offs: Entry-level third-row models (e.g., Kia Telluride) attract buyers with incomes as low as $60,000 by emphasizing value over premium features.
  • Leasing trends: 38% of third-row purchases are financed via leases, particularly among urban professionals prioritizing lower monthly costs.

    • Geographic Distribution
    Regional preferences correlate with urban density, family size, and cultural norms:

  • Urban/suburban areas (65% of sales): Compact third-row SUVs (e.g., Honda Pilot, Mazda CX-9) dominate due to space constraints.
  • Suburban/rural areas (35% of sales): Full-size SUVs (e.g., Chevrolet Tahoe, Nissan Armada) are favored for towing and outdoor activities.
  • International markets:
  • North America: Strong demand in the U.S. Midwest and Southwest, where large families and outdoor lifestyles prevail.
  • Europe: Limited third-row adoption (5% market share) due to urbanization and smaller households, except in Scandinavia (e.g., Volvo XC90 for multigenerational use).
  • Asia-Pacific: Rapid growth in China and India, where joint-family structures drive demand for vehicles like the BYD Tang or Mahindra Scorpio.

    • Resale Value and Depreciation: Third-Row vs. Two-Row Vehicles

    Third-row vehicles experience higher depreciation rates than two-row counterparts due to niche appeal, larger size, and slower market turnover. A 5-year ownership analysis (based on Kelley Blue Book and Edmunds data) highlights key differences:
    Depreciation Formula:
    Resale Value = Original MSRP × (1 – Depreciation Rate)^Years Third-row vehicles typically depreciate 12–18% faster than two-row SUVs over 5 years.
    Key Findings
  • Average 5-year depreciation:
  • Third-row SUVs: 55–65% of original value (e.g., Toyota Highlander: 58% retained).
  • Two-row SUVs: 45–55% retained (e.g., Honda CR-V: 52% retained).
  • Brand resilience: Luxury brands (e.g., Lexus RX) retain 62–68% after 5 years, outperforming mass-market models.
  • Market segments:
  • Compact third-row SUVs (e.g., Kia Sorento) depreciate 15% faster than their two-row siblings due to lower demand.
  • Full-size third-row SUVs (e.g., Ford Expedition) hold value better in rural markets where towing capacity is prioritized.

    • Consumer Implications

  • Leasing incentives: Higher depreciation makes leasing attractive, with 28% of third-row buyers opting for leases (vs. 18% for two-row SUVs).
  • Trade-in strategies: Dealers offer 10–15% higher trade-in values for third-row models in high-demand regions (e.g., Texas, Florida).
  • Certified pre-owned (CPO) premium: Third-row CPO vehicles command a 5–8% price premium over non-CPO equivalents due to perceived reliability.
    • Cultural shifts in family structures, urbanization, and mobility laws significantly impact third-row vehicle adoption across regions. Key trends include:

    Ride-Sharing and Carpooling Regulations

  • Urban areas: Cities like Los Angeles and Beijing incentivize third-row vehicles with HOV lane access for carpooling, boosting demand for models like the Hyundai Palisade

    The evolution of all vehicles with 3rd row seating underscores a broader automotive transition toward accommodating diverse household configurations while addressing technical and economic constraints. As electrification reshapes powertrain capabilities and urbanization alters mobility demands, manufacturers must balance innovation with practicality—whether through advanced suspension systems, enhanced visibility features, or adaptive seating technologies. For consumers, the decision to invest in a 3rd-row vehicle hinges on a delicate equilibrium between immediate needs and long-term adaptability, with resale value and cultural trends playing pivotal roles in shaping purchase decisions. Ultimately, this segment’s trajectory will depend on the industry’s ability to harmonize engineering ingenuity with shifting societal priorities.

    • FAQ

    Which SUVs come with a standard or optional third row for seating?

    Popular SUVs with third-row seating include the Toyota Highlander, Kia Telluride, Honda Pilot, Ford Explorer, Chevrolet Traverse, Nissan Pathfinder, and Volvo XC90. Some luxury options are the BMW X7, Mercedes-Benz GLB, and Lexus GX. Compact SUVs like the Kia Sorento and Hyundai Palisade also offer it. Availability varies by trim level.

    What types of vehicles offer third-row seating options?

    Vehicles with third-row seating typically include full-size SUVs, minivans (e.g., Chrysler Pacifica, Toyota Sienna), and some large crossovers (e.g., Ford Edge, Hyundai Santa Fe). Truck-based models like the Ford Expedition and Chevy Tahoe also provide third-row seating, though space is often tighter. Most are family-oriented or luxury vehicles prioritizing passenger capacity.

    Where can I find vehicles with third-row seating available for purchase?

    You can find third-row SUVs for sale at dealerships (new or used), online car marketplaces (CarGurus, Autotrader, Cars.com), or auction sites (e.g., Copart for salvage titles). Certified pre-owned (CPO) programs often include well-maintained models. Filter searches by "3rd row" or "7+ passenger" to narrow results.

    Are there any vehicles with third-row seating that also feature captain’s chairs?

    Yes, several vehicles offer third-row seating with captain’s chairs in the second row, including the Toyota Highlander, Honda Pilot, Ford Explorer, Chevrolet Traverse, and Kia Telluride. Luxury options like the Volvo XC90 and BMW X7 also provide this setup. Note that third-row seats are usually bench-style for space efficiency, not captain’s chairs.

    How can I find vehicles with third-row seating for sale near my location?

    Use local dealership websites, online car listings (filter by your ZIP code on Autotrader/CarGurus), or apps like TrueCar or Kelley Blue Book. Call dealerships directly to ask about inventory or visit in person. For used cars, check Facebook Marketplace or Craigslist with location-based searches. Dealers often highlight third-row availability in listings.

    Where can I locate vehicles with third-row seating close to me?

    Check nearby dealerships (new or used) specializing in SUVs or minivans, as they typically stock third-row models. Use Google Maps to find locations selling vehicles like the Toyota Highlander or Kia Telluride within 20–50 miles. Online tools like CarGurus’ "Near Me" feature or DealerRater can show local inventory with third-row seating. Visit or call to confirm availability.

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