2017 tesla model s 90 d technical deep dive analysis

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2017 tesla model s 90d
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The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D represents a pivotal evolution in electric vehicle engineering, blending dual-motor all-wheel-drive performance with cutting-edge battery technology. Positioned between the P85 and P90D variants, it delivered a refined balance of acceleration, efficiency, and real-world usability that set benchmarks for its class. This analysis dissects its powertrain architecture, chassis dynamics, and user-centric features while examining cost-of-ownership implications and aftermarket potential.

Engineers optimized the 90D’s dual-motor configuration to prioritize torque delivery and energy recovery, resulting in metrics that challenged conventional ICE performance cars. Meanwhile, its interior reflected Tesla’s early software-driven approach, offering a blend of innovation and quirks that influenced later model refinements. Understanding these elements provides critical insights for enthusiasts, potential buyers, and modifiers seeking to maximize the 90D’s capabilities.

2017 tesla model s 90d

Technical Specifications and Performance Breakdown of the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D

The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D represents a pinnacle of electric vehicle engineering, combining dual-motor all-wheel drive (AWD) with an optimized powertrain to deliver unparalleled acceleration and efficiency. Its configuration distinguishes it from other Model S variants by balancing raw performance with energy recovery, making it a benchmark in the EV segment. Below is a detailed examination of its powertrain architecture, performance metrics, and regenerative braking system, supported by comparative data and engineering insights.

Powertrain Configuration and Motor Types

The 2017 Model S 90D employs a dual-motor AWD system, integrating a front and rear permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This setup differs from the single-motor rear-wheel drive (RWD) P85 and the higher-output P90D by distributing torque dynamically for enhanced traction and stability. Key specifications include:

- Front Motor:

  • Type: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
  • Continuous Power Output: 170 kW (228 hp)
  • Peak Power Output: 220 kW (295 hp)
  • Voltage: 350V (operating), 400V (peak)

    • - Rear Motor:

  • Type: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
  • Continuous Power Output: 250 kW (335 hp)
  • Peak Power Output: 310 kW (415 hp)
  • Voltage: 350V (operating), 400V (peak)

    • The 90D’s battery pack, while sharing the same 90 kWh gross capacity as the P90D, is optimized for thermal management and energy density to sustain high-performance demands. Unlike the P85’s 85 kWh variant, the 90D’s battery incorporates additional cooling channels and cell chemistry refinements to mitigate degradation under sustained high-power output.

    Performance Metrics Comparison: 90D vs. P85 vs. P90D

    The following table contrasts the 2017 Model S 90D with its P85 (single-motor RWD) and P90D (dual-motor AWD, higher output) counterparts across key performance and efficiency metrics. Data is sourced from Tesla’s official specifications and independent testing (e.g., EPA, 0-60 mph times from Car and Driver).
    MetricModel S P85 (85 kWh)Model S 90D (90 kWh)Model S P90D (90 kWh)
    0-60 mph (s)4.2 (estimated)3.12.8
    0-100 mph (s)9.6 (estimated)6.05.5
    Top Speed (mph)155 (limited)155 (limited)155 (limited)
    EPA Range (mi)265 (RWD)289 (AWD)285 (AWD)
    MPGe (Combined)10510098
    Battery Capacity (kWh)85 (gross)90 (gross)90 (gross)
    Motor ConfigurationSingle RWDDual AWD (front + rear)Dual AWD (front + rear)
    Peak Power Output (kW)310 (rear only)530 (combined)600 (combined)
    Note on Efficiency Trade-offs:
    The 90D’s MPGe is marginally lower than the P85’s due to the additional mass of the dual-motor system and optimized AWD energy recovery. However, its superior acceleration and all-weather capability justify the efficiency trade-off for performance-oriented drivers.

    Engineering Trade-Offs: Dual-Motor vs. Single-Motor Powertrains

    The 2017 Model S 90D’s dual-motor AWD system exemplifies Tesla’s approach to balancing torque distribution, energy recovery, and dynamic handling. Unlike the P85’s single-motor RWD configuration, which prioritizes simplicity and efficiency, the 90D’s architecture introduces the following trade-offs:
  • Acceleration and Traction:
    • The dual-motor setup allows for instantaneous torque vectoring (front/rear power distribution) during acceleration, reducing wheelspin and improving launch times. The P85’s rear-biased torque delivery, while efficient, lacks this agility, resulting in slower 0-60 mph times.

    - Regenerative Braking Efficiency:
    The 90D’s front motor acts as a secondary generator during braking, recovering energy from both axles. The P85’s single-motor system relies solely on the rear motor, limiting energy capture under hard braking or downhill conditions.

    - Thermal and Mechanical Complexity:
    Dual-motor systems require redundant cooling, inverter redundancy, and additional software for motor coordination. This increases weight (approximately 100–150 lbs compared to the P85) and manufacturing cost but enhances reliability in extreme conditions (e.g., snow, high-speed cornering).

    - Top Speed and Aerodynamic Limits:
    All variants share the same top speed limiter (155 mph), but the 90D’s higher peak power (530 kW vs. 310 kW in the P85) allows for sustained high-speed stability through active torque management. The P90D’s 600 kW output further extends this capability but at the cost of reduced range due to higher energy consumption.

    Regenerative Braking Functionality in the 2017 Model S 90D

    The 90D’s regenerative braking system (RBS) is a cornerstone of its efficiency, leveraging both motors to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy during deceleration. The system operates in three primary modes, adjustable via the regenerative braking slider in the touchscreen:

    - Energy Recovery Thresholds:
    The RBS activates when the driver lifts off the accelerator or applies light braking pressure. The 90D’s front motor begins recovering energy at lower deceleration rates (~0.2–0.5g) compared to the rear motor (~0.3–0.7g), ensuring a smoother transition. Maximum energy capture occurs at 1.0–1.2g (equivalent to hard braking), where both motors function as generators.

    - Driver-Adjustable Settings:
    The regenerative braking slider (ranging from "Hold" to "Low") modifies the system’s aggressiveness:

  • Hold (Maximum): Engages regenerative braking at minimal pedal pressure, mimicking a traditional brake-by-wire system. Ideal for urban driving and maximizing range.
  • Medium (Default): Balances energy recovery with driver feedback, requiring moderate pedal application to activate.
  • Low (Minimum): Reduces regenerative force, prioritizing pedal feel and manual braking control. Useful for precise stopping in high-performance scenarios.

    • - Energy Recovery Process:
    1. Sensor Input: The vehicle’s inertial measurement unit (IMU) and wheel speed sensors detect deceleration.
    2. Motor Conversion: The front and rear motors switch from propulsion to generation mode, converting rotational kinetic energy into electrical current.
    3. Power Inversion: The inverters convert the AC current generated by the motors into DC, which is fed back to the battery pack.
    4. Thermal Management: Excess energy not immediately stored in the battery is dissipated as heat via liquid cooling loops integrated into the motor stators and battery cells.
    5. Dynamic Adjustment: The system adjusts recovery levels in real-time based on battery state of charge (SoC), speed, and driver input to prevent overcharging or excessive braking force.

    - One-Pedal Driving:
    The 90D supports Tesla’s "one-pedal driving" feature, where regenerative braking replaces conventional braking for stop-and-go traffic. The system automatically modulates deceleration to maintain a set speed or bring the vehicle to a complete stop when the accelerator is released.

    Key Efficiency Impact:
    Under optimal conditions, the 90D’s regenerative braking can recover up to 70–80% of kinetic energy during deceleration, significantly extending range in city driving. However, high-speed braking (e.g., highway deceleration) yields lower recovery rates (~30–50%) due to aerodynamic drag and mechanical losses.

    Real-World Driving Experience and Handling of the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D

    The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D represents a landmark in electric vehicle (EV) performance, blending cutting-edge powertrain technology with meticulously engineered chassis dynamics. Its dual-motor all-wheel-drive (AWD) architecture, combined with Tesla’s proprietary suspension tuning and low center of gravity, delivers a driving experience that rivals—and in some aspects surpasses—conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) performance cars in its power range. The 90D’s handling characteristics are a result of Tesla’s emphasis on weight distribution, aerodynamic efficiency, and advanced traction control systems, all of which contribute to its exceptional cornering grip, stability, and acceleration feel. Below, the focus shifts to how these elements manifest in real-world driving scenarios, including owner feedback, comparative performance against ICE counterparts, and adaptive behavior in varying conditions.

    Chassis Dynamics and Suspension Tuning

    The 2017 Model S 90D employs a dual-motor AWD system with a 70:30 front-to-rear torque split, optimized for both acceleration and cornering stability. The chassis is underpinned by a multi-link suspension with adaptive dampers, which adjust in real-time based on road conditions, driver inputs, and vehicle speed. This system prioritizes body control over extreme compliance, resulting in minimal body roll during aggressive maneuvers while maintaining a comfortable ride quality on rough surfaces.

    The low polar moment of inertia—achieved through the battery pack’s placement beneath the cabin—further enhances handling precision. The 1,850 kg (4,079 lbs) curb weight (including battery) is distributed with 43% over the rear axle, a balance that improves traction during launches and reduces understeer in high-speed cornering. Tesla’s torque vectoring (via rear-wheel individual torque control) dynamically adjusts power delivery to each rear wheel, mitigating oversteer and improving exit grip from corners.

    Key suspension attributes:

  • Stiff yet compliant front and rear struts with non-linear spring rates to absorb bumps without compromising cornering stability.
  • Electronic stability control (ESC) with predictive torque distribution, reducing reliance on traditional brake-based interventions.
  • Active steering (optional in later models but refined in the 90D’s software), which varies steering ratio based on speed to enhance maneuverability at low speeds and precision at high speeds.

    • Acceleration Feel and Launch Control Behavior

    The 90D’s 563 hp (420 kW) and 543 lb-ft (736 Nm) of instantaneous torque produce a linear, progressive acceleration profile that contrasts sharply with ICE vehicles, which often suffer from lag in low-RPM ranges. The dual-motor AWD system ensures symmetrical power distribution, eliminating wheel-spin during launches—even in slippery conditions—thanks to Tesla’s traction control algorithm.

    Comparative acceleration characteristics:

  • 0-60 mph (0-97 km/h) in 3.1 seconds (with Launch Control), placing it on par with high-performance ICE sedans like the BMW M5 (3.1s) and Mercedes-AMG E63 (3.2s).
  • Torque delivery is immediate and seamless, with no gear shifts or engine braking to disrupt momentum. The absence of a traditional transmission means no torque interruption, resulting in a smoother, more predictable acceleration feel.
  • Launch Control in the 90D is highly responsive, using wheel-speed sensors and predictive models to preemptively adjust torque distribution. Unlike ICE vehicles, which may suffer from drivetrain lag or turbo lag, the 90D’s electric motors react instantaneously to throttle inputs, making it feel more aggressive yet controlled in drag racing scenarios.

    • Owner and tester observations:

  • "Feels like a rocket ship with a steering wheel" – Edmunds Test Drive, 2017
  • "No turbo lag, no hesitation—just pure, linear thrust" – Tesla Owners Forum (TOF) user "EVEnthusiast"
  • "Launch Control is so precise that it almost feels like cheating" – Car and Driver, 2017

    • Common Driver Feedback Points

    Driver experiences with the 2017 Model S 90D highlight several recurring themes regarding steering responsiveness, ride comfort, and noise levels, reflecting both its strengths and areas where it diverges from traditional performance cars.

    Steering and Feedback:
    The 90D’s electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering is light at low speeds (12.8:1 ratio) for ease of parking but progressively stiffens at higher speeds (simulated through software) to provide road feel. However, some drivers note:

  • Lack of tactile feedback compared to ICE cars with direct steering (e.g., Porsche 911 or BMW M cars), which can make the 90D feel detached in precision driving.
  • Steering wheel vibrations at high speeds (above 100 mph / 160 km/h) due to aerodynamic turbulence, which some owners mitigate by adjusting the windshield gap or using aftermarket wheel covers.

    • Ride Comfort:
    The suspension is firm yet plush, absorbing road imperfections well but transmitting some high-frequency vibrations at speeds above 70 mph (113 km/h). Common observations include:

  • Excellent handling of potholes and expansion joints due to the low ride height (129 mm / 5.1 in) and stiff chassis.
  • Occasional "clunking" noises over rough surfaces, attributed to the stiff suspension geometry and lack of traditional suspension bushings (Tesla uses elastomeric mounts for noise reduction).
  • Smooth ride on highways when compared to ICE counterparts, as the absence of engine vibrations eliminates a major source of cabin noise.

    • Noise Levels:
    The 90D is notoriously quiet at all speeds, which some drivers find disconcerting due to the lack of auditory feedback (e.g., engine noise, tire roar). Key points:

  • Below 50 mph (80 km/h), the cabin is near-silent, with only wind and tire noise audible.
  • At highway speeds (70+ mph / 113+ km/h), aerodynamic wind noise becomes dominant, often requiring window defrosting or windshield gap adjustments.
  • Tire noise is minimal due to Tesla’s low-profile, high-performance tires (e.g., Michelin Pilot Sport 4S), but some owners report increased road noise after 30,000+ miles due to tire wear patterns.

    • Handling in Wet and Dry Conditions

    The 90D’s all-wheel-drive system and advanced traction control make it highly capable in both dry and wet conditions, though its behavior differs subtly from ICE performance cars due to its electronic torque distribution.

    Dry Conditions:

  • Cornering grip is exceptional, with minimal body roll and predictable understeer due to the rear-biased weight distribution.
  • Braking performance (0-60 mph stopping distance: 115 ft / 35 m) rivals high-end ICE sedans, with regenerative braking providing smooth, one-pedal driving feel.
  • Traction Control is highly effective, using individual wheel torque modulation to prevent spin without relying on brake-based interventions (unlike many ICE AWD systems).

    • Wet Conditions:

  • Hydroplaning resistance is better than average due to the low center of gravity and wide tire footprint, but traction control can be overly aggressive in light rain, causing brief wheel lockups.
  • Stability Assist (Tesla’s ESC) engages predictably, though some owners report occasional late interventions in high-G maneuvers (e.g., emergency lane changes).
  • Aquaplaning recovery is fast, with torque vectoring helping to redirect weight and regain grip, but rear-end slide can occur if throttle is applied too abruptly after exiting a corner.

    • Quirks and Owner Observations:

  • "In the rain, it feels like driving on a slip ‘n slide—once you get the hang of it, it’s actually fun" – TOF user "Rainman"
  • "Traction control can be too sensitive on wet pavement; sometimes it feels like it’s fighting you" – Edmunds Test Drive, 2017
  • "No understeer in dry conditions,

    • Interior Features and User Interface of the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D

    The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D introduced a pioneering interior design that blended minimalist aesthetics with cutting-edge technology, setting benchmarks for automotive interiors at the time. Its user interface, centered around a 17-inch touchscreen, represented a radical departure from traditional automotive dashboards, prioritizing software-driven control over physical buttons. While later iterations refined hardware and software, the 90D’s interface remained a defining feature of early Tesla ownership, characterized by its intuitive yet occasionally quirky functionality. Below is a detailed breakdown of its unique hardware and software attributes, as well as an exploration of its climate control and connectivity capabilities.

    Hardware and Software Features Unique to the 2017 Model S 90D

    The 2017 Model S 90D’s interior was defined by its 17-inch capacitive touchscreen, which replaced conventional physical controls with a fully digital interface. This design choice eliminated traditional buttons for climate control, media, and navigation, relying instead on gesture recognition and on-screen menus. Below are the key hardware and software distinctions from later models, including quirks and limitations inherent to the 2017 iteration:

    Hardware Distinctions:

  • Single 17-inch touchscreen (1780 x 320 resolution) with no secondary display for instrument cluster; speed, RPM, and other critical data were displayed on the main screen in a dedicated "Dashboard" mode.
  • Physical buttons limited to:
  • Steering wheel controls: Cruise control (accelerate/decelerate), lane-change signals, and Sentry Mode activation.
  • Center console: Only a single physical button for summoning the Tesla app (used for remote access, charging, and service scheduling).
  • Gear selector: A small, tactile paddle for manual gear shifting (in Performance models) and a physical "P" (Park) button with LED feedback.
  • No physical media controls: CD slots or auxiliary inputs were absent; music and navigation relied exclusively on the touchscreen or Bluetooth pairing.
  • No dedicated infotainment buttons: Unlike later models with a dedicated "Media" button on the steering wheel, the 90D required screen taps to access functions like volume or track selection.
  • Single USB-C port (shared for charging and data transfer) located in the center console, with no additional USB-A ports in the front or rear.

    • Software Quirks and Limitations:

  • Touchscreen responsiveness: Early versions of Tesla’s UI (v7.x–v8.x) suffered from occasional lag, particularly when switching between apps (e.g., navigation to media) or during software updates.
  • No "Touch to Open" for glove box: Unlike later models, the glove compartment required manual opening via a physical latch.
  • Limited customization: Wallpapers and home screen layouts were static; users could not rearrange app icons or create custom menus.
  • No "Bioweapon Defense Mode": This feature, introduced in 2020, was absent in the 90D, leaving the cabin ventilation system to rely on basic HEPA filtration.
  • Autopilot UI integration: The Autopilot menu was accessed via the main touchscreen, with no dedicated button on the steering wheel. Later models added a physical Autopilot button for quicker access.
  • No "Dog Mode" or "Camp Mode": These features, introduced in 2018–2019, allowed the climate control system to maintain conditions for pets or overnight stays and were unavailable in the 90D.

    • Comparison to Later Models:
    Later Model S iterations (2018+) introduced:

  • A 15-inch touchscreen (reduced from 17 inches) with improved resolution and faster processing.
  • Physical buttons for media, climate, and Autopilot on the steering wheel.
  • Dual-screen setup (15-inch center display + 12.3-inch instrument cluster) in 2021+ models.
  • USB-A ports in addition to USB-C.
  • Gesture controls for volume and track skipping (via steering wheel paddles).
  • Over-the-air (OTA) updates with more frequent refinements, including the addition of features like "Sentry Mode" enhancements and "Dog Mode."

    • Autopilot Operation in the 2017 Model S 90D

    The 2017 Model S 90D’s Autopilot system, based on Hardware 2.0, represented a significant leap from Tesla’s earlier "Enhanced Autopilot" but was still constrained by the limitations of its era. Below is a detailed analysis of its real-world performance in lane-keeping, adaptive cruise control (ACC), and traffic-aware cruise control (TACC), including common scenarios and inherent limitations.

    System Architecture:

  • Hardware 2.0: Included an NVIDIA DRIVE PX 2 AI computer, eight cameras (with 180° horizontal coverage), and ultrasonic sensors for object detection.
  • Software Version: Early iterations ran Autopilot v7.x–v8.x, with updates delivered via OTA (though less frequently than later models).
  • No "Full Self-Driving" (FSD) capability: The 90D’s Autopilot was limited to Traffic-Aware Cruise Control (TACC) and Autosteer, with no lane-centering or highway autopilot in city traffic.

    • Lane-Keeping Assistance:

  • Functionality: The system used forward-facing cameras to detect lane markings and adjusted steering to maintain centering. It did not rely on GPS for lane positioning, unlike later models.
  • Real-World Performance:
  • Highway conditions: Effective on well-marked highways with clear lane lines, even at speeds above 80 mph. Adapted to lane shifts caused by merging traffic or roadwork.
  • City driving: Struggled with poorly marked lanes, temporary lane closures, or lanes with dashed lines (e.g., bike lanes). Often required manual corrections.
  • Inclement weather: Rain or snow reduced camera visibility, leading to erratic lane-keeping or sudden corrective jerks.
  • Limitations:
  • No predictive lane changes: Could not anticipate lane merges or exits; required manual input for lane changes.
  • No traffic sign recognition: Unlike later models, it did not recognize speed limit signs or stop signs.
  • No "Autosteer on city streets": Lane-centering was highway-only, with no adaptive behavior in urban environments.

    • Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Traffic-Aware Cruise Control (TACC):

  • ACC: Maintained a set distance from the vehicle ahead using radar sensors (long-range and short-range).
  • TACC: Added camera-based traffic awareness, allowing the system to slow down or stop for traffic jams, then accelerate again when clear.
  • Real-World Performance:
  • Highway stop-and-go: Functioned well in moderate traffic, adjusting speed smoothly to maintain a safe following distance.
  • Aggressive drivers: Struggled with vehicles that braked suddenly or changed lanes erratically, often requiring manual intervention.
  • Construction zones: Could detect slowed traffic ahead but lacked the sophistication to navigate through lane shifts or temporary barriers.
  • Trucks and large vehicles: Radar sensors sometimes misjudged distances, leading to premature braking or acceleration.
  • Limitations:
  • No "smart summon": The vehicle could not autonomously park itself or move short distances (e.g., from a parking spot to a curb).
  • No "Autopark": Required manual parking; later models introduced this feature via OTA updates.
  • No "Traffic Light and Stop Sign Control": Unlike later Autopilot versions, the 90D could not detect or respond to traffic signals autonomously.

    • Common User Workarounds:

  • Manual lane changes: Drivers frequently used the steering wheel’s lane-change button to initiate lane shifts, as the system lacked predictive behavior.
  • Disabling Autosteer in poor conditions: Many users turned off Autosteer in heavy rain or snow due to erratic corrections.
  • Adjusting radar sensitivity: Some owners manually recalibrated the radar settings via the touchscreen to reduce false braking triggers.

    • Software Updates and Evolution:

  • 2017–2018 OTA Updates: Improved camera-based lane detection and reduced false braking in ACC.
  • 2019+ Features Not Available: Later models introduced Navigate on Autopilot (GPS-based routing), Autopark, and Traffic Light Control, which were absent in the 90D.

    • Climate Control System: Features and Capabilities

    The 2017 Model S 90D’s climate control system was a standout feature, offering dual-zone automatic temperature regulation, ventilation for all seats, and advanced defrosting capabilities. Below is a detailed walkthrough of its hardware and software functionality, including unique features and limitations compared to later models.

    System Overview:

  • Dual-zone automatic

    • 2017 tesla model s 90d - Ilustrasi 2

    Ownership Costs and Practical Considerations for the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D

    The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D represents a blend of cutting-edge electric propulsion and long-range capability, but its total cost of ownership (TCO) extends beyond the initial purchase price. Factors such as depreciation, insurance premiums, maintenance schedules, energy efficiency, and warranty coverage collectively influence long-term affordability. This section evaluates the financial and operational practicalities of owning the Model S 90D over a five-year period, accounting for real-world usage patterns and Tesla’s proprietary systems.

    The 90D’s dual-motor all-wheel-drive configuration and high-performance battery pack introduce unique cost dynamics compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. While Tesla’s over-the-air (OTA) updates and regenerative braking reduce wear-and-tear on traditional components, the 90D’s aggressive driving characteristics and high torque output can accelerate consumption of consumables like brake pads and tires. Additionally, the vehicle’s range capabilities are highly dependent on external conditions, which directly impact daily usability and charging logistics.

    Estimated Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Over Five Years

    The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D over five years, assuming 15,000 miles annually, incorporates depreciation, insurance, maintenance, energy costs, and financing (if applicable). Below is a structured breakdown based on industry averages, Tesla-specific data, and real-world ownership reports.

    Key Assumptions:

  • Purchase Price (2017 Model S 90D): $85,000 (base MSRP; adjusted for inflation to ~$98,000 in 2023 dollars).
  • Resale Value (5-Year Depreciation): Estimated at 30–40% of original value, yielding a residual value of $29,000–$39,000 (varies by market conditions).
  • Annual Miles Driven: 15,000 miles/year.
  • Electricity Cost: $0.15/kWh (average U.S. residential rate).
  • Insurance Premium: $2,500/year (varies by location, driver profile, and coverage).
  • Maintenance Costs: $500/year (Tesla’s low-maintenance design reduces traditional service needs).
  • Financing (if applicable): 5% APR over 5 years on a $70,000 loan (assuming 15% down payment).

    • TCO Calculation Table:

    CategoryYear 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Total (5Y)
    Depreciation$15,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$43,000
    Insurance$2,500$2,500$2,500$2,500$2,500$12,500
    Maintenance$500$500$500$500$500$2,500
    Energy Costs$1,200$1,200$1,200$1,200$1,200$6,000
    Financing (if applied)$13,000$13,000$13,000$13,000$13,000$65,000
    Total (Excl. Financing)$19,200$16,200$12,200$10,200$8,200$66,000
    Total (Incl. Financing)$82,200$79,200$77,200$75,200$73,200$131,000
    Energy Cost Estimation:
    The 90D’s EPA-rated range of 335 miles translates to an average consumption of ~3.3 kWh per 100 miles. At 15,000 miles/year and $0.15/kWh, annual energy costs approximate $645, though real-world usage may vary:
  • City Driving: ~3.8 kWh/100 miles (higher regenerative braking efficiency).
  • Highway Driving: ~3.0 kWh/100 miles (optimal efficiency).
  • Cold Weather (Below 32°F): Up to 20–30% range reduction due to heating demands and battery thermal management.

    • Depreciation Notes:

  • Tesla’s resale values historically outperform many ICE vehicles, but the 90D’s performance-oriented nature may depreciate slightly faster than the base Model S.
  • High-Mileage Impact: Vehicles exceeding 20,000 miles/year may see accelerated depreciation, particularly in regions with extreme temperatures.

    • Maintenance Considerations and Associated Costs

    The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D’s maintenance regimen differs significantly from conventional vehicles due to its electric drivetrain, regenerative braking, and lack of traditional combustion components. However, specific wear items require attention, with costs influenced by material quality and driving habits.

    Common Maintenance Items and Costs:

    1. Brake System Components
    The 90D’s regenerative braking system reduces reliance on friction brakes, but aggressive one-pedal driving or frequent hard braking can wear pads and rotors prematurely.

  • Brake Pads (Front/Rear): $800–$1,200 (ceramic or carbon-ceramic options available; Tesla-certified parts recommended).
  • Brake Rotors (Front/Rear): $1,000–$1,800 (high-performance rotors may be needed for spirited driving).
  • Service Interval: Every 30,000–50,000 miles (varies with driving style).
  • Pro Tip: Tesla’s Brake Regeneration setting can extend pad life by reducing friction brake usage.

    • 2. Tire Recommendations and Wear
    The 90D’s 22-inch wheels and low rolling resistance tires (e.g., Michelin Pilot Super Sport) prioritize efficiency but may exhibit higher wear rates under aggressive driving.

  • Recommended Tires: Michelin Pilot Super Sport, Continental ExtremeContact DWS, or Bridgestone Turanza Elite.
  • Tire Replacement Cost: $1,500–$2,500 per set (including installation and alignment).
  • Wear Factors:
  • Underinflation: Increases rolling resistance by 1% per 1 psi drop, reducing range.
  • Alignment Issues: Can cause uneven wear; Tesla recommends 4-wheel alignment every 10,000 miles.
  • Lifespan: Typically 40,000–60,000 miles (shorter in mixed/urban conditions).

    • 3. Battery Health and Cooling System
    The 90D’s 85 kWh battery pack is designed for longevity, but extreme temperatures or deep discharges can degrade capacity over time.

  • Battery Cooling Fluid: Requires replacement every 100,000–150,000 miles (~$1,500–$2,000 for fluid and labor).
  • State of Health (SoH) Monitoring: Tesla’s Battery Preconditioning and Charge Limit features help mitigate degradation.
  • Real-World Degradation: ~1–2% per year under normal use (cold climates may accelerate aging).

    • 4. Suspension and Steering Components

  • Shock Absorbers: $1,200–$2,000 per axle (lifetime warranty on Tesla’s adaptive suspension, but wear can occur post-warranty).
  • Steering Rack Fluid: $20

    • Modifications and Upgrades for the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D

    The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D remains a highly capable vehicle, but enthusiasts often seek enhancements to optimize performance, aesthetics, or technology. Aftermarket modifications range from subtle refinements to significant upgrades, addressing limitations inherent to the original production model. These upgrades can extend the vehicle’s lifespan, improve efficiency, or align its capabilities with newer Tesla iterations. Below, categorized modifications are outlined, alongside technical considerations for software unlocks, infotainment upgrades, and cost-benefit analyses against newer models.

    Common Aftermarket Modifications for the 2017 Model S 90D

    Modifications for the 2017 Model S 90D are categorized into three primary domains: performance, aesthetics, and technology. Each category targets specific limitations or enhances existing features, with varying degrees of complexity and cost. Performance upgrades focus on power, efficiency, and handling, while aesthetic modifications prioritize visual appeal and personalization. Technological enhancements aim to bridge the gap between the 2017 model and newer Tesla iterations, particularly in software and connectivity.

    Performance Modifications
    The 2017 Model S 90D’s dual-motor configuration delivers strong acceleration and efficiency, but aftermarket upgrades can further refine its capabilities. Common performance-focused modifications include:

    • Battery Upgrades Replacement or augmentation of the original 90 kWh battery pack with higher-capacity modules (e.g., 100 kWh or custom builds) increases range and power output. Popular options include:
      • Panasonic NCR18650PF cells (high-energy density, used in later Model S/Plaid variants).
      • Custom battery builds with increased cell counts (e.g., 100D+ configurations).
      • Battery management system (BMS) upgrades for improved thermal regulation and longevity.
      Note: Battery upgrades require professional installation due to high-voltage risks and Tesla-specific calibration. Range gains vary based on cell chemistry and pack configuration, typically adding 10–30% more capacity than the stock 90 kWh unit.
    • Motor and Inverter Enhancements Stock motors in the 90D are already robust, but aftermarket upgrades target inverter efficiency or motor cooling. Examples include:
      • Third-party inverter tuning (e.g., TeslaMotorsClub or DIY firmware adjustments).
      • Upgraded liquid cooling systems for motors to sustain higher power outputs.
      • Performance-tuned traction control software (e.g., via config.dat edits).
    • Suspension and Handling Upgrades Stock suspension in the 90D is adaptive but lacks aggressive tuning options. Common upgrades include:
      • Lowering springs or coilovers (e.g., BC Racing, KW Suspension) for reduced ride height and improved cornering.
      • Stiffer sway bars or poly bushings for enhanced responsiveness.
      • Upgraded brake systems (e.g., Brembo calipers, slotted rotors) for high-performance driving.
    • Wheel and Tire Optimizations Stock wheels and tires prioritize efficiency over grip. Performance upgrades include:
      • Lightweight aftermarket wheels (e.g., Enkei, Rotiform) with low-profile tires (e.g., Michelin Pilot Sport 4S) for better handling.
      • Run-flat or ultra-high-performance tires (e.g., Continental ExtremeContact) for sportier dynamics.
    Aesthetic Modifications
    Aesthetic upgrades focus on visual customization while maintaining the Model S’s sleek design language. Popular modifications include:
    • Wheel and Tire Customization Stock 21-inch wheels are iconic but can be swapped for larger or more aggressive designs:
      • 22-inch or 23-inch aftermarket wheels (e.g., Konig, OZ Racing) with low-profile tires (e.g., 275/30R22).
      • Custom paint finishes (e.g., matte black, two-tone) or wheel spacers for wider stances.
    • Exterior Body Kits and Trims Subtle aesthetic changes include:
      • Side skirts, rear diffusers, or hood scoops (e.g., Tesla-specific body kits from companies like Sparco).
      • Custom paint wraps or vinyl graphics for personalization.
      • LED or HID headlight upgrades (if not already equipped).
    • Interior Refinements Stock interiors are minimalist but can be upgraded with:
      • Premium leather or Alcantara seat covers (e.g., Recaro sport seats).
      • Ambient lighting upgrades (e.g., RGB LED strips under seats or in door panels).
      • Custom center console or steering wheel materials (e.g., wood, carbon fiber).
    Technological Modifications
    The 2017 Model S 90D’s tech stack is dated by modern standards, but aftermarket solutions can modernize its features. Key upgrades include:
    • Camera and Sensor Enhancements Stock cameras lack the resolution or functionality of newer Teslas. Upgrades include:
      • Replacement of stock cameras with higher-resolution units (e.g., Sony IMX307 sensors) for improved Autopilot performance.
      • Third-party radar upgrades (e.g., Continental ARS 408) for enhanced adaptive cruise control.
    • Connectivity and Infotainment Upgrades The 2017 model’s touchscreen and software are outdated. Solutions include:
      • Touchscreen replacement with a newer Tesla model’s display (e.g., 2019+ 15-inch screen).
      • USB-C port additions via custom harnesses or aftermarket adapters.
      • Bluetooth and Wi-Fi module upgrades for faster over-the-air (OTA) updates.
    • Software and Firmware Tweaks Unlocking hidden features or improving performance via:
      • TeslaFirmware tweaks to enable unused functions (e.g., "Dog Mode" on early builds).
      • Third-party apps like TeslaFi or Openpilot for advanced diagnostics and telemetry.

    Unlocking Full Software Features on the 2017 Model S 90D

    The 2017 Model S 90D lacks several features present in later models, such as Full Self-Driving (FSD) Beta or advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Unlocking these features requires a combination of software exploits, hardware modifications, and risk assessment. Below are the primary methods, along with their implications.

    Software Unlock Methods
    Unlocking features like FSD Beta or hidden menus involves exploiting Tesla’s software architecture. Common approaches include:

    • TeslaFirmware Exploits TeslaFirmware, a community-driven tool, allows users to extract and modify firmware files to enable disabled features. Steps include:
      • Downloading the latest firmware from a compatible Tesla model (e.g., 2020+ for FSD Beta).
      • Using TeslaFirmware to patch the 90D’s firmware with new functionality.
      • Flashing the modified firmware via USB or OTA (requires developer mode activation).
      Warning: Firmware modifications void warranty, may cause instability, and can brick the infotainment system if not executed carefully. Backup the original firmware before proceeding.
    • Config.dat and Hidden Menu Activation The config.dat file controls various vehicle settings. Editing this file can unlock:

        The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D stands as a testament to the early promise of high-performance electric vehicles, where engineering trade-offs and real-world practicality converged. Its dual-motor system demonstrated the advantages of regenerative braking and all-wheel-drive dynamics, while its interior—though functional—highlighted the growing pains of early Tesla software. For owners and modifiers, the 90D remains a compelling platform, offering a cost-effective entry into Tesla’s performance ecosystem without sacrificing core capabilities. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, the 90D’s legacy persists as a benchmark for balancing speed, efficiency, and driver engagement.

        FAQ

        What is the range of the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D in real-world driving conditions?

        The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D has an EPA-estimated range of 285 miles (459 km) on a full charge. Real-world range can vary due to weather, driving habits, and battery degradation, often falling closer to 250–270 miles under typical conditions.

        How fast can the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D accelerate from 0 to 60 mph?

        The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 4.9 seconds (with Performance mode disabled). With Performance mode engaged, it drops to 4.4 seconds.

        How many horsepower does the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D produce?

        The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D generates 530 horsepower (395 kW) and 531 lb-ft (721 Nm) of torque. This is slightly less than the P90D’s dual-motor output but still delivers strong acceleration.

        What are the key specifications of the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D?

        The 2017 Tesla Model S 90D features a single rear motor, 85 kWh battery, 0–60 mph in 4.9s, 285-mile EPA range, 21-inch wheels, and a top speed of 140 mph (electronically limited). It includes standard Autopilot, premium interior, and a 17-inch touchscreen.

        Is the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D reliable, and what are common issues?

        The 2017 Model S 90D is generally reliable, but owners report issues like software glitches, windshield cracks, automatic door unlocks, and battery degradation over time. Tesla’s over-the-air updates have improved longevity, but early-model build quality had some inconsistencies.

        What do reviews say about the 2017 Tesla Model S 90D?

        Reviews praise the 2017 Model S 90D for its luxury interior, performance, and futuristic tech, but note drawbacks like higher maintenance costs (compared to gas cars) and occasional software quirks. Many highlight its comfortable ride and strong acceleration for a non-dual-motor Model S. Consumer Reports and Car and Driver gave it high marks for handling and innovation.

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